Pro-inflammatory Markers and Fatigue in Patients with Depression: A Case-control Study

Overview

Journal Sci Rep

Specialty Science

Date 2020 Jun 13

PMID 32528052

Citations 27

Authors

Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzi

Elena Neumann

Gebhard Sammer

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The aim of this work was to investigate differences between depressed subjects (PG) and non-depressed healthy control participants (HCG) with regard to fatigue dimensions and inflammation. For this purpose, 43 participants in the PG and 51 participants in the HCG were included in the study. IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CRP were assessed in venous blood samples. Fatigue and depression were assessed using the FIS-D and BDI-FS questionnaires. Main results showed higher BDI-FS values in PG. Moreover, PG showed mean differences for fatigue dimensions when compared to the HCG. For the pro-inflammatory markers, a moderate group effect was found between PG and HCG which was mainly caused by IL-6. Correlations between TNF-α and BDI-FS, TNF-α and cognitive fatigue, TNF-α and psychosocial fatigue were found within the PG. In the HCG, correlations were found between IL-6, TNF-α and somatic fatigue, as well as IL-6 and cognitive fatigue. Significant correlations were found between the psychological variables in both groups. All results were controlled for the confounding variables gender, age, BMI and multiple comparisons. These results suggest the presence of inflammation in both depression and fatigue. However, each correlates with different pro-inflammatory parameters, suggesting a biological heterogeneity.

Citing Articles

Functional resting state connectivity is differentially associated with IL-6 and TNF-α in depression and in healthy controls.

Schmitz C, Sammer G, Neumann E, Blecker C, Grunder G, Adolphi H Sci Rep. 2025; 15(1):1769.

PMID: 39800770 PMC: 11725594. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-85514-0.

The impact of a ketogenic diet on weight loss, metabolism, body composition and quality of life.

Hirschberger S, Effinger D, Yoncheva P, Schmid A, Weis M, Holdt L iScience. 2024; 27(12):111291.

PMID: 39628567 PMC: 11612819. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.111291.

The associations between dairy product intake, fatigue status, and physical activity among postpartum women in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.

Almasaudi A, Alashmali S, Zedan H, Kutbi H, Alharbi M, Baattaiah B BMC Public Health. 2024; 24(1):2759.

PMID: 39385137 PMC: 11465780. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-20294-2.

Inflammatory biomarkers in depression: scoping review.

Paganin W, Signorini S BJPsych Open. 2024; 10(5):e165.

PMID: 39343996 PMC: 11536280. DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2024.787.

Activation of the interleukin-23/Th17 axis in major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Moulton C, Malys M, Hopkins C, Rokakis A, Young A, Powell N Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2024; .

PMID: 39012496 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01864-2.

References

Felger J, Lotrich F . Inflammatory cytokines in depression: neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Neuroscience. 2013; 246:199-229. PMC: 3741070. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.060. View

Gold S, Kruger S, Ziegler K, Krieger T, Schulz K, Otte C . Endocrine and immune substrates of depressive symptoms and fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients with comorbid major depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011; 82(7):814-8. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.230029. View

Akdis M, Burgler S, Crameri R, Eiwegger T, Fujita H, Gomez E . Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon-γ: receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 127(3):701-21.e1-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.050. View

Henn F, Vollmayr B . Stress models of depression: forming genetically vulnerable strains. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005; 29(4-5):799-804. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.019. View

Johannsen A, Rylander G, Soder B, Asberg M . Dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and elevated levels of interleukin-6 and cortisol in gingival crevicular fluid from women with stress-related depression and exhaustion. J Periodontol. 2006; 77(8):1403-9. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050411. View

Kushner I, Rzewnicki D, Samols D . What does minor elevation of C-reactive protein signify?. Am J Med. 2006; 119(2):166.e17-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.06.057. View

Norheim K, Jonsson G, Omdal R . Biological mechanisms of chronic fatigue. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011; 50(6):1009-18. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq454. View

Yennurajalingam S, Bruera E . Palliative management of fatigue at the close of life: "it feels like my body is just worn out". JAMA. 2007; 297(3):295-304. DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.3.295. View

Markowitz A, Rabow M . Palliative management of fatigue at the close of life: "it feels like my body is just worn out". JAMA. 2007; 298(2):217. DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.2.217. View

10.

Moss R, Mercandetti A, Vojdani A . TNF-alpha and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Immunol. 1999; 19(5):314-6. DOI: 10.1023/a:1020595709352. View

11.

Kohler C, Freitas T, Maes M, de Andrade N, Liu C, Fernandes B . Peripheral cytokine and chemokine alterations in depression: a meta-analysis of 82 studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017; 135(5):373-387. DOI: 10.1111/acps.12698. View

12.

Warren E, Finck B, Arkins S, Kelley K, Scamurra R, Murtaugh M . Coincidental changes in behavior and plasma cortisol in unrestrained pigs after intracerebroventricular injection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Endocrinology. 1997; 138(6):2365-71. DOI: 10.1210/endo.138.6.5180. View

13.

Meyers C, Albitar M, Estey E . Cognitive impairment, fatigue, and cytokine levels in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer. 2005; 104(4):788-93. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21234. View

14.

Maggio M, Guralnik J, Longo D, Ferrucci L . Interleukin-6 in aging and chronic disease: a magnificent pathway. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006; 61(6):575-84. PMC: 2645627. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.6.575. View

15.

Gui W, Wei X, Mai C, Murugan M, Wu L, Xin W . Interleukin-1β overproduction is a common cause for neuropathic pain, memory deficit, and depression following peripheral nerve injury in rodents. Mol Pain. 2016; 12. PMC: 4956151. DOI: 10.1177/1744806916646784. View

16.

Langgartner D, Lowry C, Reber S . Old Friends, immunoregulation, and stress resilience. Pflugers Arch. 2018; 471(2):237-269. PMC: 6334733. DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2228-7. View

17.

Li M, Li C, Yu H, Cai X, Shen X, Sun X . Lentivirus-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) knock-down in the hippocampus alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced memory deficits and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2017; 14(1):190. PMC: 5607621. DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0964-9. View

18.

Schwarz R, Krauss O, Hinz A . Fatigue in the general population. Onkologie. 2003; 26(2):140-4. DOI: 10.1159/000069834. View

19.

Couch Y, Xie Q, Lundberg L, Sharp T, Anthony D . A Model of Post-Infection Fatigue Is Associated with Increased TNF and 5-HT2A Receptor Expression in Mice. PLoS One. 2015; 10(7):e0130643. PMC: 4493081. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130643. View

20.

Haapakoski R, Mathieu J, Ebmeier K, Alenius H, Kivimaki M . Cumulative meta-analysis of interleukins 6 and 1β, tumour necrosis factor α and C-reactive protein in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun. 2015; 49:206-15. PMC: 4566946. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.001. View