Outcomes of Immunomodulatory and Biologic Therapy in People Living with HIV

Objectives: Immunomodulatory drugs (IMDs) are crucial for treating autoimmune, inflammatory, and oncologic conditions. Data regarding the safety of IMDs in people living with HIV (PLWH) are limited. We describe outcomes in all PLWH prescribed these agents from 2000--2019 at two academic medical centers.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: We systematically identified and reviewed charts of all PLWH receiving IMDs. We defined a treatment episode as an uninterrupted period on an IMD regimen. We quantified infections, blips (detectable plasma HIV RNA following an undetectable result), and virologic failure (progression from plasma HIV RNA <200 copies/ml to two consecutive values >200 copies/ml despite ART).

Results: Seventy-seven patients contributed 110 treatment episodes. Rheumatologic comorbidities were the most frequent indication. The most common IMD classes were TNF inhibitors, antimetabolites, and checkpoint inhibitors. Ninety percent of treatment episodes involved concomitant ART. Median pretreatment CD4 T-cell count was 609 cells/μl (IQR 375--861). Among 51 treatment episodes on ART with undetectable pretreatment plasma HIV RNA, HIV became detectable within 1 year in 21 of 51 cases (41.2%); there were no instances of virologic failure. Compared with other agents, treatment episodes involving checkpoint inhibitors were more likely to involve a blip (77.8 vs. 33.3%, P = 0.015). Thirteen treatment episodes (11.8%) were associated with concomitant infection; none was attributed to IMDs by the treating clinician.

Conclusion: PLWH treated with IMDs should be monitored carefully for virologic blips and incident infections. Checkpoint inhibitors may be associated with a higher rate of viral blips, although the clinical significance is unclear.