Serum Levels of Vitamin D in Diabetic Patients With and Without Retinopathy

Overview

Journal J Ophthalmic Vis Res

Specialty Ophthalmology

Date 2020 Apr 21

PMID 32308951

Citations 9

Authors

Mehrdad Afarid

Naghme Ghattavi

Mohammadkarim Johari

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the levels of vitamin D in the serum of diabetic patients with and without diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: Thirty patients with DR and thirty diabetic patients without retinopathy were included in this cross-sectional study. Based on ophthalmic examination, patients with DR were categorized into having non-proliferative retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative retinopathy (PDR). Patients were tested for fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25 (OH) D), and creatinine levels in the serum, and for urine protein. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25 (OH) D level 20 ng/mL.

Results: We found that all diabetic patients had mild vitamin D deficiency (serum 25 (OH) D level = 10-20 ng/mL). The mean serum 25 (OH) D concentration in patients with DR was lower than in those without DR (12.10 14.62 ng/mL vs 15.61 9.40 ng/mL, respectively, = 0.012). Trace or more proteinuria was frequently present in patients with DR than in those without DR (56% in DR vs 30% in non-DR; = 0.037). There were no significant differences in the FBS, HbA1C, and serum creatinine levels between patients with or without retinopathy.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that patients with DR had lower levels of serum vitamin D compared with those without retinopathy.

Citing Articles

The Role of Diet and Oral Supplementation for the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema: A Narrative Review.

DAngelo A, Lixi F, Vitiello L, Gagliardi V, Pellegrino A, Giannaccare G Biomed Res Int. 2025; 2025:6654976.

PMID: 40041571 PMC: 11876532. DOI: 10.1155/bmri/6654976.

Effect of High-Sucrose Diet on the Occurrence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy and Dietary Modification Strategies.

Yang C, Yu Y, An J Nutrients. 2024; 16(9).

PMID: 38732638 PMC: 11085904. DOI: 10.3390/nu16091393.

Vitamin D and Diabetic Retinopathy.

Gverovic Antunica A, Znaor L, Ivankovic M, Puzovic V, Markovic I, Kastelan S Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(15).

PMID: 37569392 PMC: 10418882. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512014.

The Roles of Vitamins in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Narrative Review.

Ruamviboonsuk V, Grzybowski A J Clin Med. 2022; 11(21).

PMID: 36362717 PMC: 9656452. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216490.

Vitamin D, the Vitamin D Receptor, Calcitriol Analogues and Their Link with Ocular Diseases.

Caban M, Lewandowska U Nutrients. 2022; 14(11).

PMID: 35684153 PMC: 9183042. DOI: 10.3390/nu14112353.

References

Albert D, Scheef E, Wang S, Mehraein F, Darjatmoko S, Sorenson C . Calcitriol is a potent inhibitor of retinal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; 48(5):2327-34. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1210. View

Zhang J, Upala S, Sanguankeo A . Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and diabetic retinopathy: a meta-analysis. Can J Ophthalmol. 2017; 52(2):219-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2016.10.004. View

Forrest K, Stuhldreher W . Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutr Res. 2011; 31(1):48-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.12.001. View

Jenchitr W, Samaiporn S, Lertmeemongkolchai P, Chongwiriyanurak T, Anujaree P, Chayaboon D . Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in relation to duration of diabetes mellitus in community hospitals of Lampang. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005; 87(11):1321-6. View

Isaia G, Giorgino R, Adami S . High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in female type 2 diabetic population. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24(8):1496. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.24.8.1496. View

Wan T, Li X, Sun Y, Li Y, Su Y . Recent advances in understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanism of diabetic retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2015; 74:145-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.08.002. View

Timms P, Mannan N, Hitman G, Noonan K, Mills P, Syndercombe-Court D . Circulating MMP9, vitamin D and variation in the TIMP-1 response with VDR genotype: mechanisms for inflammatory damage in chronic disorders?. QJM. 2002; 95(12):787-96. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/95.12.787. View

Pan C, Wang S, Qian D, Xu C, Song E . Prevalence, Awareness, and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy among Adults with Known Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in an Urban Community in China. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017; 24(3):188-194. DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2016.1264612. View

. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet. 2016; 387(10027):1513-1530. PMC: 5081106. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00618-8. View

10.

Rhee S, Hwang Y, Chung H, Woo J . Vitamin D and diabetes in Koreans: analyses based on the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2008-2009. Diabet Med. 2012; 29(8):1003-10. PMC: 3504347. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03575.x. View

11.

Vashi P, Lammersfeld C, Braun D, Gupta D . Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is inversely associated with body mass index in cancer. Nutr J. 2011; 10:51. PMC: 3112404. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-51. View

12.

Luo B, Gao F, Qin L . The Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3). PMC: 5372970. DOI: 10.3390/nu9030307. View

13.

Geiss L, Wang J, Cheng Y, Thompson T, Barker L, Li Y . Prevalence and incidence trends for diagnosed diabetes among adults aged 20 to 79 years, United States, 1980-2012. JAMA. 2014; 312(12):1218-26. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.11494. View

14.

Wimalawansa S . Associations of vitamin D with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016; 175:177-189. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.017. View

15.

Holick M . Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(3):266-81. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra070553. View

16.

Michaud S, Renier G . Direct regulatory effect of fatty acids on macrophage lipoprotein lipase: potential role of PPARs. Diabetes. 2001; 50(3):660-6. DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.3.660. View

17.

Cangoz S, Chang Y, Chempakaseril S, Guduru R, Huynh L, John J . Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012; 38(2):81-4. DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12026. View

18.

Langlois K, Greene-Finestone L, Little J, Hidiroglou N, Whiting S . Vitamin D status of Canadians as measured in the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Rep. 2010; 21(1):47-55. View

19.

Ben-Shoshan M, Amir S, Dang D, Dang L, Weisman Y, Mabjeesh N . 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcitriol) inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1/vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in human cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007; 6(4):1433-9. DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0677. View

20.

Larijani B, Hossein-Nezhad A, Feizabad E, Maghbooli Z, Adibi H, Ramezani M . Vitamin D deficiency, bone turnover markers and causative factors among adolescents: a cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2016; 15:46. PMC: 5062858. DOI: 10.1186/s40200-016-0266-2. View