Deep Sternal Wound Infection (DSWI) and Mediastinitis After Cardiac Surgery: Current Approaches and Future Trends in Prevention and Management

Median sternotomy is the most common access for cardiac surgery. Deep surgical wound infection (DSWI) and mediastinitis after median sternotomy remain significant clinical problems after cardiac surgery in terms of mortality, morbidity and healthcare-associated costs. Despite recent advances in medical management and consensus papers, their incidence ranges from 1% to 5%, and the associated mortality ranges from 20% to 50%. Recent studies in this field are providing excellent outcomes with promising results for the near future. The choice of sternal closure technique plays a crucial role in the prevention of DSWI and mediastinitis and should be tailored to the patient's characteristics, as clinical judgement and experience play a pivotal role. Early aggressive surgical debridement, vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy, muscle flap and newer technologies are revolutionizing the paradigm of treatment of DSWI. Also, recent advances in tissue engineering have been refining potential approaches to tissue regeneration or substitution for enhanced wound repair. This editorial aims to briefly summarize the current and future techniques in DSWI prevention and treatment after cardiac surgery.