Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Subsp. Inferred from Microsatellite Markers and Chloroplast DNA Sequences

Genetic diversity is vital to the sustainable utilization and conservation of plant species. subsp. Lévl. is an endangered species endemic to the southwest of China. Although the natural populations of this species are facing continuous decline due to the high frequency of anthropogenic disturbance, the genetic information of subsp. is not yet elucidated. In the present study, 10 pairs of microsatellite markers (nSSRs) and three pairs of chloroplast DNA (cpDNAs) were used in the elucidation of the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of 11 subsp. populations. A total of 236 alleles and 12 haplotypes were found. A moderate genetic diversity within populations ( = 0.540 for nSSRs, = 0.788 for cpDNA markers), high historical and low contemporary gene flows, and moderate genetic differentiation (nSSR: = 0.165***; cpDNA: = 0.841***) were detected among the subsp. populations. Genetic and geographic distances showed significant correlation ( < 0.05) determined by the Mantel test. The species exhibited a conspicuous phylogeographical structure among the populations. Using the Bayesian skyline plot and species distribution models, we found that subsp. underwent a population demography contraction approximately 50,000-100,000 years ago. However, the species did not experience a recent population expansion event. Thus, habitat loss and destruction, which result in a population decline and species inbreeding depression, should be considered in the management and conservation of subsp. .