Comparative Chloroplast Genomics of Endangered Species: Insights into Hotspot Divergence, Repetitive Sequence Variation, and Phylogeny

is one of the largest genera in the Euphorbiaceae family, comprising 2000 species possessing commercial, medicinal, and ornamental importance. However, there are very little data available on their molecular phylogeny and genomics, and uncertainties still exist at a taxonomic level. Herein, we sequence the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of two species, , of the genus through next-generation sequencing and perform a comparative analysis with nine related genomes in the family. The results revealed that the cp genomes had similar quadripartite structure, gene content, and genome organization with previously reported genomes from the same family. The size of cp genomes ranged from 162,172 to 162,358 bp with 132 and 133 genes, 8 rRNAs, 39 tRNA in and , respectively. The numbers of protein-coding genes were 85 and 86, with each containing 19 introns. The four-junction regions were studied and results reveal that was present at J (large single copy region and inverted repeat b junction) in where its complete presence was located in the IRb (inverted repeat b) region in . The sequence comparison revealed that highly divergent regions in , , , , , , and of the cp genomes might provide better understanding of phylogenetic inferences in the and order Malpighiales. Phylogenetic analyses of this study illustrate sister clades of with and these species form a monophyletic clade with . The current study might help us to understand the genome architecture, genetic diversity among populations, and evolutionary depiction in the genera.