Evaluation of Chlorpyrifos Residue in Breast Milk and Its Metabolite in Urine of Mothers and Their Infants Feeding Exclusively by Breast Milk in North of Iran

Overview

Journal J Environ Health Sci Eng

Publisher Springer

Date 2020 Feb 8

PMID 32030155

Citations 3

Authors

Masoud Binesh Brahmand

Masud Yunesian

Ramin Nabizadeh

Simin Nasseri

Mahmood Alimohammadi

Noushin Rastkari

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: The most common method of combating insects in low-income communities and developing countries, is the use of insecticides. The use of organophosphate insecticides is increasing due to their low prices and availability on the market. Chlorpyrifos is a medium-risk insecticide for human. The widespread use of organophosphorus insecticides, especially chlorpyrifos, in residential homes has undoubtedly created many health concerns. Babies have a high sensitivity to pesticides and environmental contaminants because of their evolutionary status. On the other hand, the main source of infants' exposure who are breast-fed exclusively to environmental pollutants is through breast milk and oral contact with objects that are covered with dust and particles.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the concentration of chlorpyrifos in breast milk and its metabolite in urine samples of mothers and their under six months infants, feeding exclusively by breast milk in north of Iran have been investigated. The demographic data was collected through interviewing with selected mothers and completion of prepared data collecting forms. The data were statistically analyzed to investigate the relationships between exposure of mothers and their infants to chlorpyrifos.

Results: The mean concentration of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite in mothers' urine and milk samples and infant's urines were 1.3 ± 0.6, 2.1 ± 1.4 and 1.4 ± 0.7 μg/L, respectively. Also, the mean concentration of chlorpyrifos in the dust on the house floors was73.4 ± 49 ng/g. There are good correlations between the mean values of chlorpyrifos concentrations and its metabolite in mother's milk and urine (r = 0.872, = 0.001), and the mother's milk and infant's urine (r = 0.722, p = 0.001). Also, there was a significant correlation between the concentration of chlorpyrifos in floor dust and its metabolites in the infant's urine (r = 0.554, = 0.001).

Conclusion: Our study suggests that the infants are the recipient of concentrated forms of chlorpyrifos residues through breast milk and house dust and it is quite well known that OP pesticides are toxic and have different kinds of adverse health effects. However, further research needs to be done to determine what these chemicals are doing to our children.

Citing Articles

The neonatal gut microbiome and global health.

Panigrahi P Gut Microbes. 2024; 16(1):2352175.

PMID: 38743045 PMC: 11095572. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2352175.

Impact of Pesticide Residues on the Gut-Microbiota-Blood-Brain Barrier Axis: A Narrative Review.

Abou Diwan M, Lahimer M, Bach V, Gosselet F, Khorsi-Cauet H, Candela P Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(7).

PMID: 37047120 PMC: 10094680. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076147.

Cocktail Effect of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Application to Chlorpyrifos in Lavender Essential Oils.

Fouyet S, Olivier E, Leproux P, Boutefnouchet S, Dutot M, Rat P Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(19).

PMID: 36232284 PMC: 9566273. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912984.

References

Aguilar-Garduno C, Lacasana M, Blanco-Munoz J, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Hernandez A, Bassol S . Changes in male hormone profile after occupational organophosphate exposure. A longitudinal study. Toxicology. 2012; 307:55-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.001. View

Srivastava S, Narvi S, Prasad S . Levels of select organophosphates in human colostrum and mature milk samples in rural region of Faizabad district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2011; 30(10):1458-63. DOI: 10.1177/0960327110396525. View

Ostrea Jr E, Villanueva-Uy E, Bielawski D, Birn S, Janisse J . Analysis of House Dust and Children's Hair for Pesticides: A Comparison of Markers of Ongoing Pesticide Exposure in Children. J Bioanal Biomed. 2013; 4. PMC: 3840167. DOI: 10.4172/1948-593X.1000057. View

Beane Freeman L, Bonner M, Blair A, Hoppin J, Sandler D, Lubin J . Cancer incidence among male pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study cohort exposed to diazinon. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 162(11):1070-9. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwi321. View

Lacasana M, Lopez-Flores I, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Aguilar-Garduno C, Blanco-Munoz J, Perez-Mendez O . Interaction between organophosphate pesticide exposure and PON1 activity on thyroid function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010; 249(1):16-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.07.024. View

Trunnelle K, Bennett D, Tulve N, Clifton M, Davis M, Calafat A . Urinary pyrethroid and chlorpyrifos metabolite concentrations in Northern California families and their relationship to indoor residential insecticide levels, part of the Study of Use of Products and Exposure Related Behavior (SUPERB). Environ Sci Technol. 2014; 48(3):1931-9. DOI: 10.1021/es403661a. View

Whyatt R, Camann D, Perera F, Rauh V, Tang D, Kinney P . Biomarkers in assessing residential insecticide exposures during pregnancy and effects on fetal growth. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005; 206(2):246-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.11.027. View

Weldon R, Barr D, Trujillo C, Bradman A, Holland N, Eskenazi B . A pilot study of pesticides and PCBs in the breast milk of women residing in urban and agricultural communities of California. J Environ Monit. 2011; 13(11):3136-44. DOI: 10.1039/c1em10469a. View

Villeneuve D, WILLES R, Lacroix J, Phillips W . Placenta transfer of 14 C-parathion administered intravenously to sheep. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1972; 21(4):542-8. DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(72)90010-5. View

10.

Berkowitz G, Obel J, Deych E, Lapinski R, Godbold J, Liu Z . Exposure to indoor pesticides during pregnancy in a multiethnic, urban cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2003; 111(1):79-84. PMC: 1241309. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5619. View

11.

Kamanyire R, Karalliedde L . Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure. Occup Med (Lond). 2004; 54(2):69-75. DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqh018. View

12.

Eaton D, Daroff R, Autrup H, Bridges J, Buffler P, Costa L . Review of the toxicology of chlorpyrifos with an emphasis on human exposure and neurodevelopment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2008; 38 Suppl 2:1-125. DOI: 10.1080/10408440802272158. View

13.

Gonzalez-Alzaga B, Lacasana M, Aguilar-Garduno C, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Ballester F, Rebagliato M . A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure. Toxicol Lett. 2013; 230(2):104-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.019. View

14.

Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Arrebola Liebanas F, Frenich A, Martinez Vidal J, Sanchez Lopez F . Determination of pesticides and some metabolites in different kinds of milk by solid-phase microextraction and low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2005; 382(1):164-72. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3144-1. View

15.

Barr D, Allen R, Olsson A, Bravo R, Caltabiano L, Montesano A . Concentrations of selective metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the United States population. Environ Res. 2005; 99(3):314-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.03.012. View

16.

Rathod A, Garg R . Chlorpyrifos poisoning and its implications in human fatal cases: A forensic perspective with reference to Indian scenario. J Forensic Leg Med. 2017; 47:29-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.02.003. View

17.

Ostrea Jr E, Bielawski D, Posecion Jr N, Corrion M, Villanueva-Uy E, Bernardo R . Combined analysis of prenatal (maternal hair and blood) and neonatal (infant hair, cord blood and meconium) matrices to detect fetal exposure to environmental pesticides. Environ Res. 2008; 109(1):116-22. PMC: 2675278. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.09.004. View

18.

Naksen W, Prapamontol T, Mangklabruks A, Chantara S, Thavornyutikarn P, Robson M . A single method for detecting 11 organophosphate pesticides in human plasma and breastmilk using GC-FPD. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2016; 1025:92-104. PMC: 4930899. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.045. View

19.

Perera F, Rauh V, Tsai W, Kinney P, Camann D, Barr D . Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environ Health Perspect. 2003; 111(2):201-5. PMC: 1241351. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5742. View

20.

Babina K, Dollard M, Pilotto L, Edwards J . Environmental exposure to organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in South Australian preschool children: a cross sectional study. Environ Int. 2012; 48:109-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.07.007. View