Detection Methods and Prevalence of Transmission Stages of , and Spp. in Fresh Vegetables: a Review

Overview

Journal Parasitology

Specialty Parasitology

Date 2020 Jan 23

PMID 31965956

Citations 12

Authors

Salma Berrouch

Sandie Escotte-Binet

Rajae Harrak

Antoine Huguenin

Pierre Flori

Loic Favennec

Isabelle Villena

Jamaleddine Hafid

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

One of the ways of human parasitic infection is the accidental ingestion of vegetables contaminated with parasites, which represents a major human health hazard. This non-exhaustive review aims to evaluate studies carried out on five types of vegetables (lettuce, parsley, coriander, carrot and radish) since 2000, particularly the methods used for recovery, concentration, detection and identification of protozoan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., and the results of each work. Various studies have determined the presence of pathogenic parasites in fresh vegetables with different rates; this variation in rate depends particularly on the detection method used which is related to each parasite and each vegetable type. The variation in parasitic prevalence in food could be due to different factors such as the geographical location, the size of analysed samples and the methods used for parasite detection.

Citing Articles

Toxoplasma Gondii in humans, animals and in the environment in Morocco: a literature review.

Atif I, Touloun O, Boussaa S Gut Pathog. 2024; 16(1):53.

PMID: 39343964 PMC: 11440760. DOI: 10.1186/s13099-024-00645-5.

Parallel detection of multiple zoonotic parasites using a real-time fluorogenic loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based quadruple-sample microfluidic chip.

Chen Y, Lou Y, Duan L, Zhou Q, Xu Z, Chen F Front Microbiol. 2023; 14:1238376.

PMID: 37822745 PMC: 10562543. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1238376.

Exploring genetic variability of and in raw vegetables and fruits: implications for food safety and public health in Mozambique.

Salamandane C, Lobo M, Afonso S, Xiao L, Matos O Front Microbiol. 2023; 14:1223151.

PMID: 37601378 PMC: 10436600. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1223151.

Protozoan parasites and free-living amoebae contamination in organic leafy green vegetables and strawberries from Spain.

Moreno-Mesonero L, Soler L, Amoros I, Moreno Y, Ferrus M, Alonso J Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2023; 32:e00200.

PMID: 37405064 PMC: 10316001. DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00200.

Extraction of the DNA of isolated from vegetables and fruits in a simplified way and its diagnosis using Nested-PCR.

Mozer S, Abdulwahhab I, Al-Azaawie A J Parasit Dis. 2022; 46(3):771-775.

PMID: 36091271 PMC: 9458841. DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01484-4.

References

Utaaker K, Kumar A, Joshi H, Chaudhary S, Robertson L . Checking the detail in retail: Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on vegetables sold across different counters in Chandigarh, India. Int J Food Microbiol. 2017; 263:1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.020. View

Eraky M, Rashed S, Nasr M, El-Hamshary A, Salah El-Ghannam A . Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed fresh leafy vegetables in benha, egypt. J Parasitol Res. 2014; 2014:613960. PMC: 4084512. DOI: 10.1155/2014/613960. View

Ali M, Al-Herrawy A, El-Hawaary S . Detection of enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium in two different types of drinking water treatment facilities. Water Res. 2004; 38(18):3931-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.014. View

Alemu G, Mama M, Misker D, Haftu D . Parasitic contamination of vegetables marketed in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019; 19(1):410. PMC: 6515664. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4020-5. View

Gharpure R, Perez A, Miller A, Wikswo M, Silver R, Hlavsa M . Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks - United States, 2009-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019; 68(25):568-572. PMC: 6597118. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6825a3. View

Robertson L, Gjerde B . Occurrence of parasites on fruits and vegetables in Norway. J Food Prot. 2001; 64(11):1793-8. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1793. View

Ranjbar-Bahadori S, Mostoophi A, Shemshadi B . Study on Cryptosporidium contamination in vegetable farms around Tehran. Trop Biomed. 2013; 30(2):193-8. View

Robertson L, Gjerde B . Isolation and enumeration of Giardia cysts, cryptosporidium oocysts, and Ascaris eggs from fruits and vegetables. J Food Prot. 2000; 63(6):775-8. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-63.6.775. View

Calvo M, Carazo M, Arias M, Chaves C, Monge R, Chinchilla M . [Prevalence of Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidium sp, microsporidia and fecal coliform determination in fresh fruit and vegetables consumed in Costa Rica]. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2005; 54(4):428-32. View

10.

Gabre R, Shakir A . Prevalence of Some Human Enteroparasites in Commonly Consumed Raw Vegetables in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. J Food Prot. 2016; 79(4):655-8. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-485. View

11.

Ekman C, Chiossi M, Meireles L, de Andrade Junior H, Figueiredo W, Marciano M . Case-control study of an outbreak of acute toxoplasmosis in an industrial plant in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2012; 54(5):239-44. DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000500001. View

12.

Lass A, Pietkiewicz H, Szostakowska B, Myjak P . The first detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in environmental fruits and vegetables samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011; 31(6):1101-8. PMC: 3346938. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1414-8. View

13.

Ramirez-Martinez M, Olmos-Ortiz L, Barajas-Mendiola M, Giono Cerezo S, Avila E, Cuellar-Mata P . A PCR procedure for the detection of Giardia intestinalis cysts and Escherichia coli in lettuce. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2015; 60(6):517-23. DOI: 10.1111/lam.12402. View

14.

Miller W, Gardner I, Atwill E, Leutenegger C, Miller M, Hedrick R . Evaluation of methods for improved detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in mussels (Mytilus californianus). J Microbiol Methods. 2005; 65(3):367-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.08.011. View

15.

Hald T, Aspinall W, Devleesschauwer B, Cooke R, Corrigan T, Havelaar A . World Health Organization Estimates of the Relative Contributions of Food to the Burden of Disease Due to Selected Foodborne Hazards: A Structured Expert Elicitation. PLoS One. 2016; 11(1):e0145839. PMC: 4718673. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145839. View

16.

Mohamed M, Siddig E, Elaagip A, Edris A, Nasr A . Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold at central markets in Khartoum state, Sudan. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016; 15:17. PMC: 4788893. DOI: 10.1186/s12941-016-0133-5. View

17.

Amoros I, Alonso J, Cuesta G . Cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts on salad products irrigated with contaminated water. J Food Prot. 2010; 73(6):1138-40. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.6.1138. View

18.

Adam E, Yoder J, Gould L, Hlavsa M, Gargano J . Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971-2011. Epidemiol Infect. 2016; 144(13):2790-801. PMC: 5150856. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268815003040. View

19.

Ganz K, Clime L, Farber J, Corneau N, Veres T, Dixon B . Enhancing the Detection of Giardia duodenalis Cysts in Foods by Inertial Microfluidic Separation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015; 81(12):3925-33. PMC: 4524145. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03868-14. View

20.

Shapiro K, Kim M, Rajal V, Arrowood M, Packham A, Aguilar B . Simultaneous detection of four protozoan parasites on leafy greens using a novel multiplex PCR assay. Food Microbiol. 2019; 84:103252. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103252. View