» Articles » PMID: 31889490

Characterizing the Latent HIV-1 Reservoir in Patients with Viremia Suppressed on CART: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

Overview
Journal Curr HIV Res
Date 2020 Jan 1
PMID 31889490
Citations 4
Authors
Affiliations
Soon will be listed here.
Abstract

Modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can bring HIV-1 in blood plasma to level undetectable by standard tests, prevent the onset of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and allow a near-normal life expectancy for HIV-infected individuals. Unfortunately, cART is not curative, as within a few weeks of treatment cessation, HIV viremia in most patients rebounds to pre-cART levels. The primary source of this rebound, and the principal barrier to a cure, is the highly stable reservoir of latent yet replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses integrated into the genomic DNA of resting memory CD4+ T cells. In this review, prevailing models for how the latent reservoir is established and maintained, residual viremia and viremic rebound upon withdrawal of cART, and the types and characteristics of cells harboring latent HIV-1 will be discussed. Selected technologies currently being used to advance our understanding of HIV latency will also be presented, as will a perspective on which areas of advancement are most essential for producing the next generation of HIV-1 therapeutics.

Citing Articles

Characterisation of HIV-1 reservoirs in paediatric populations: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Kae A, Nanfack A, Santoro M, Yagai B, Ambada G, Sagnia B BMJ Open. 2023; 13(10):e073672.

PMID: 37816567 PMC: 10565271. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073672.


Vaccine responses in ageing and chronic viral infection.

Rees-Spear C, McCoy L Oxf Open Immunol. 2023; 2(1):iqab007.

PMID: 36845567 PMC: 9914503. DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab007.


Role of CXCR5 CD8 T cells in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection.

Gao L, Zhou J, Ye L Front Microbiol. 2022; 13:998058.

PMID: 36452930 PMC: 9701836. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.998058.


Appraisal of a Simple and Effective RT-qPCR Assay for Evaluating the Reverse Transcriptase Activity in Blood Samples from HIV-1 Patients.

Macchi B, Frezza C, Marino-Merlo F, Minutolo A, Stefanizzi V, Balestrieri E Pathogens. 2020; 9(12).

PMID: 33322208 PMC: 7763350. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121047.

References
1.
Laguette N, Sobhian B, Casartelli N, Ringeard M, Chable-Bessia C, Segeral E . SAMHD1 is the dendritic- and myeloid-cell-specific HIV-1 restriction factor counteracted by Vpx. Nature. 2011; 474(7353):654-7. PMC: 3595993. DOI: 10.1038/nature10117. View

2.
Nickle D, Jensen M, Shriner D, Brodie S, Frenkel L, Mittler J . Evolutionary indicators of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reservoirs and compartments. J Virol. 2003; 77(9):5540-6. PMC: 153940. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.9.5540-5546.2003. View

3.
Chun T, Engel D, Berrey M, Shea T, Corey L, Fauci A . Early establishment of a pool of latently infected, resting CD4(+) T cells during primary HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998; 95(15):8869-73. PMC: 21169. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8869. View

4.
Trkola A, Dragic T, Arthos J, Binley J, Olson W, Allaway G . CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co-receptor CCR-5. Nature. 1996; 384(6605):184-7. DOI: 10.1038/384184a0. View

5.
Hammarlund E, Lewis M, Hansen S, Strelow L, Nelson J, Sexton G . Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat Med. 2003; 9(9):1131-7. DOI: 10.1038/nm917. View