Role of Nanofibers on MSCs Fate: Influence of Fiber Morphologies, Compositions and External Stimuli

In regenerative medicine, self-regulated tissue regeneration is perceived by Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) fate due to their tissue-specific differentiation, which is an emerging yet promising tool for therapeutics. MSCs with their innate nature like secretion of bioactive molecules, multilineage differentiation and proliferation supported tissue repair. MSCs interact with extracellular matrix (ECM) components like collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and various proteins that are present in the form of nanofibers representing variable matrix elasticity along with topographies and bioactive cues. Synthetic nanofibers also showed to mimic native tissue microenvironment and supported regeneration owing to structural resemblance with ECM for anchorage-dependent cells. Different nanofibers generated using various polymer precursors and their resultant scaffolds, architectures, compositions etc. were studied for their influence on MSCs activities to improvise cell-cell and cell-material interactions. Electrospinning, popular nanotechnology for fiber formation based on electrohydrodynamic theory, is widely used for many applications due to its simplicity, efficacy and environmentally friendliness. Electrospun nanofibers were extensively investigated to understand the influence of material towards manipulating stem cells based on regenerative medicine. Subsequently, the influence of different solutions and process parameters were studied for nanofiber structure repeatability and emphasized on fiber properties such as diameter, mechanical properties, degradation rate, and porosity. Recent approaches towards scale-up for nanofiber production by electrospinning and other novel techniques are also presented briefly. The fate of MSCs, while seeded on nanofibers under external stimuli viz. electrical, mechanical, magnetic and electromagnetic field, is reviewed to find the niche for differentiation pathways. Further, several external stimuli presented as important factors motivating cellular differentiation in combination with specific conditions without the use of any chemical cues.