Pharmacodynamic Assessment of Canine T-lymphocyte Proliferation: Responses to Dexamethasone, Cyclosporine, Mycophenolic Acid, and the Active Metabolite of Leflunomide

A lack of understanding of specific immune defects underlying canine immune-mediated diseases hampers optimal therapy. Failure to tailor treatment to an individual's immune abnormality can result in lack of efficacy, secondary complications, added expense, and drug-potentiated adverse effects. We adopted a small-volume whole-blood flow cytometric assay to determine the effect of immunosuppressant drugs on T-lymphocyte proliferation. Using healthy dogs in this proof-of-principle study, we hypothesized that there would be dose-dependent suppression of T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to dexamethasone, cyclosporine, mycophenolic acid, and the active metabolite of leflunomide (A77 1726). Whole blood was collected from 6 healthy pet dogs and incubated for 4 d with or without the mitogens concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide and with increasing concentrations of immunosuppressant. Samples were subsequently stained with viability dye and with antibodies against the pan-T-lymphocyte marker CD5 and the cell proliferation marker Ki67. Percentages of proliferating T-lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC) was calculated. Inhibition of T-lymphocyte proliferation by the panel of immunosuppressants was shown to be dose-dependent, with marked variability among the dogs. The mean IC was 394.8 ± 871 (standard deviation) μM for dexamethasone, 18.89 ± 36.2 ng/mL for cyclosporine, 106.3 ± 157.7 nM for mycophenolic acid, and 3.746 ± 6.8 μM for A77 1726. These results support the use of this assay for detecting the efficacy of individual immunosuppressants used to diminish T-lymphocyte proliferation. In future, the assay may be applied to pet dogs with spontaneous immune-mediated disease to help tailor individual treatment.