Curcumin Induces Multiple Signaling Pathways Leading to Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence

Curcumin, a phytochemical present in the spice named turmeric, and one of the promising anti-aging factors, is itself able to induce cellular senescence. We have recently shown that cells building the vasculature senesced as a result of curcumin treatment. Curcumin-induced senescence was DNA damage-independent; however, activation of ATM was observed. Moreover, neither increased ROS production, nor even ATM were indispensable for senescence progression. In this paper we tried to elucidate the mechanism of curcumin-induced senescence. We analyzed the time-dependence of the level and activity of numerous proteins involved in senescence progression in vascular smooth muscle cells and how inhibition p38 or p38 together with ATM, two proteins involved in canonical signaling pathways, influenced cell senescence. We showed that curcumin was able to influence many signaling pathways of which probably none was dominant and sufficient to induce senescence by itself. However, we cannot exclude that the switch between initiation and progression of senescence is the result of the impact of curcumin on signaling pathways engaging AMPK, ATM, sirtuin 1 and p300 and on their reciprocal interplay. Cytostatic concentration of curcumin induced cellular stress, which exceeded the adaptive response and, in consequence, led to cellular senescence, which is triggered by time dependent activation of several signaling pathways playing diverse roles in different phases of senescence progression. We also showed that activity of β-glucuronidase, the enzyme involved in deconjugation of the main metabolites of curcumin, glucuronides, increased in senescent cells. It suggests a possible local elevation of curcumin concentration in the organism.