Impact of Smoking on Frequency and Spectrum of and Mutations in Treatment Naive Indonesian Lung Cancer Patients

Indonesia has the highest cigarette consumption in the world. We explored the clinical impact of smoking on the prevalence of and mutations and survival in this prospective study. 143 treatment naive lung cancer patients were recruited from Persahabatan Hospital, a national tertiary hospital. DNA from cytological specimens had been extracted and genotyped for both and mutations using a combination of PCR high resolution melting, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct DNA sequencing. mutation frequency in never smokers (NS) and ever smokers (ES) were 75% and 56% ( = 0.0401), respectively. In this cohort, the overall mutation rate was 7%. Neither gender nor smoking history were associated with mutation significantly. However, transversion mutations were more common in male ES than transition mutations. Smoking history did not affect and mutation frequencies in women. Concurrent / mutation rate was 2.8% (4 of 143 patients). Four out of 91 mutation positive patients (4.4%) had simultaneous mutation. In region where cigarette consumption is prevalent, smoking history affected frequencies of and mutations, mainly in males.