Simvastatin Affect the Expression of Detoxification-related Genes and Enzymes in Daphnia Magna and Alter Its Life History Parameters

Simvastatin (SV), as an hypocholesterolaemic drug, has been detected in various aquatic environment. However, limited information is available on the effects of SV on freshwater invertebrates. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects of SV on Daphnia. magna (D. magna) through measuring the physiological changes (e.g., survival, growth rate, and reproduction) in a 21-d chronic toxicity test We also determined the expression of seven detoxification and reproduction-related genes (i.e. HR96, P-gp, CYP360A8, GST, CYP314, EcR and Vtg) and several enzymes (i.e. APND, ERND, GST and CAT) in a acute test (24 h). Results showed that high concentration (e.g. 50 μg L) of SV for short time exposure (e.g. 24 h) significantly induced the expression of HR96 and P-gp (e.g. up to 2.5 folds)and enzymes (e.g. increasing 4.0 folds for ERND and GST activity) in D. magna.. The long-term chronic exposure (21 days) may cause the changes of life history parameters such as decreasing total egg production number per individual and intrinsic growth rates etc. SV may act as a potential endocrine disruptor to D. magna and the reproduction parameters were more sensitive endpoints than the survival and growth for evaluating SV exposure.