Photobiomodulation Increases Cell Viability Via AKT Activation in an in Vitro Model of Diabetes Induced by Glucose Neurotoxicity

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is known to be resistant to conventional treatment. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is demonstrated to be effective in treating PN and in protecting nerve fiber damage. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the regenerative effects of PBM on diabetic neuropathy, we conducted a study in an in vitro model of diabetes induced by glucose neurotoxicity. Neuro 2A cells (1 × 10 cells/ well; N2A) were cultured in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) supplemented with high glucose concentrations (100 mM) for 48 h and after the incubation period were submitted to either one or three consecutive applications of PBM, once a day (low-level InGaAlP, continuous wave mode, 660 nm, 30 mW, 1.6 J/cm, 15 s, per well). Cell viability was measured by MTT method, neurotoxicity by LDH release, neurite outgrowth was evaluated through morphometric analysis, and AKT/ERK protein expression levels were assessed by western blotting. Results demonstrate that PBM increased N2A viability as well as induced neurogenesis observed by the increase in neurite outgrowth being this effect modulated by AKT activation. Data obtained herein reinforce the regenerative potential of PBM in the treatment of PN and strongly suggests that phototherapy should be considered adjuvant in the treatment of diabetes.