New Insights into the Tetrameric Family of the Fur Metalloregulators

The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) belongs to the family of the metal-responsive transcriptional regulators. Fur is a global regulator found in all proteobacteria. It controls the transcription of a wide variety of genes involved in iron metabolism but also in oxidative stress or virulence factor synthesis. As a general view, Fur proteins were considered to be dimeric proteins both in solution and when bound to DNA. However, our recent data demonstrate that Fur proteins can be classified into two subfamilies, according to their quaternary structure. The group of dimers is represented by E. coli, V. cholerae and Y. pestis Fur and the group of highly stable tetramers by P. aeruginosa and F. tularensis Fur. Here, another tetrameric structure of a PaFur mutant containing manganese and zinc metal ions is described. Through biochemical, structural and computational studies, we have deciphered the important structural characteristics of the tetramers and studied the main interactions responsible for their strength. Potential or mean force calculations for tetramer formation have been determinant to quantify these interactions. Moreover calculations allow us to propose that some conserved residues prevent the tetramerization in the subfamily of dimeric Fur.