Balancing Traditional Activities and Cognitive Pharmaceutical Services by Community Pharmacists: a Work Sampling Study

Background Community pharmacy is undergoing a transition, shifting focus from traditional roles to the provision of cognitive pharmaceutical services. However, traditional activities performed by community pharmacists reduce the amount of available time for implementing and providing such services. Therefore, hampering the community pharmacist in the transition. Objective The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of community pharmacists that spend a higher proportion of their time on cognitive pharmacy services and to identify activities that compete with time spent on such activities by community pharmacists. Setting Daily community pharmacy practice. Method Self-reporting work sampling using smartphone technology was used to register the activities of community pharmacists. Participating pharmacists recorded their current activity five times per working day for 6 weeks and also completed an online survey about baseline characteristics. Main outcome measure Time utilization. Results Ninety-one Dutch community pharmacists provided work-sampling data. The results showed that Dutch community pharmacists are predominantly spending less time on managerial activities when spending more time on cognitive services (from 25.7% to 14.5%, p = 0.016). Pharmacists who are spending more time on such services, want to spend even more time on direct patient contact compared to pharmacists who spend less time on it (p = 0.030). Conclusion This study shows that community pharmacists that spend more time on cognitive pharmacy services are devoting less time on managerial activities, logistics and other activities. Pharmacists spending more time on cognitive pharmaceutical services are mostly locum pharmacists or work at a pharmacy located in a residential area with largely older inhabitants.