Furosine, a Maillard Reaction Product, Triggers Necroptosis in Hepatocytes by Regulating the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL Pathway

As one of the typical Maillard reaction products, furosine has been widely reported in a variety of heat-processed food. Though furosine was shown to be toxic on organs, its toxicity mechanism is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the toxicity mechanism of furosine in liver tissue. An intragastric gavage mice model (42-day administration, 0.1/0.25/0.5 g/kg of furosine per day) and a mice primary hepatocyte model were employed to investigate the toxicity mechanism of furosine on mice liver tissue. A metabonomics analysis of mice liver, serum, and red blood cells (RBC) was performed. The special metabolic mediator of furosine, lysophosphatidylcholine 18:0 (LPC (18:0)) was identified. Then, the effect of the upstream gene phospholipase A2 gamma () on LPC (18:0), as well as the effect of furosine (100 mg/L) on the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIPK)1/RIPK3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) pathway and inflammatory factors, was determined in liver tissue and primary hepatocytes. PLA2-3 was found to regulate the level of LPC (18:0) and activate the expression of RIPK1, RIPK3, P-MLKL, and of the inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-1β), both in liver tissue and in primary hepatocytes. Upon treatment with furosine, the upstream sensor PLA2-3 activated the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL necroptosis pathway and caused inflammation by regulating the expression of LPC (18:0), which further caused liver damage.