Modulation of Biochemical and Physiological Parameters in L. Seedlings Under the Influence of Benzyl-butyl Phthalate

Overview

Journal PeerJ

Specialties Biology
Environmental Health
General Medicine

Date 2019 May 2

PMID 31041151

Citations 2

Authors

Arpna Kumari

Rajinder Kaur

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Phthalates are man-made chemical compounds with numerous applications especially known for their use as plasticizers. They have weak bonding to the polymeric matrix or products in which they are used. Owing to this reason, they are readily released into the environment which makes them ubiquitous. The agricultural soils are also reported to be polluted with phthalates up to a considerable extent which causes adverse effects on flora and fauna. A few studies have been conducted on phthalate-induced phytotoxicity, which has revealed that phthalates affect the quality and yield of edible plants. In the last decades, some crops were analyzed for phthalate-induced adversities; among them, barley was the least explored.

Methods: The present study has investigated the impact of benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP) on barley ( L.) seedlings to address the biochemical, physiological consequences, and toxicological implications. After the exogenous exposure of BBP (. 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600 mg/L) for 7 days, barley seedlings were analyzed for different indices.

Results: The exposure of BBP mediated a significant ( ≤ 0.05, 0.01) overall elevation in the contents of pigment, proline, soluble protein, carbohydrate, hydrogen peroxide (HO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in shoots and roots of barley seedlings. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) were also stimulated significantly in shoots and roots of seedlings against BBP stress except for SOD activity which declined in the roots. The polyphenols (non-enzymatic antioxidants) content was also altered in all the treated concentrations as compared to the control. Furthermore, BBP caused stomatal abnormalities, induced cytotoxicity, and loss of plasma membrane integrity.

Conclusions: BBP disturbed the normal physiology of barley which could also affect the yield of the crop under field conditions.

Citing Articles

Induction of Secondary Metabolites When Was Used as Bio-Stimulant.

Abeed A, Ali M, Ali E, Majrashi A, Eissa M Plants (Basel). 2021; 10(8).

PMID: 34451668 PMC: 8398584. DOI: 10.3390/plants10081623.

Elucidating physiological and biochemical alterations in giant duckweed ( L. Schleiden) under diethyl phthalate stress: insights into antioxidant defence system.

Sharma R, Kaur R PeerJ. 2020; 8:e8267.

PMID: 31942254 PMC: 6955107. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8267.

References

Folly P, Engel N . Chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a conversion precedes chlorophyll degradation in Hordeum vulgare L. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274(31):21811-6. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.31.21811. View

Yin R, Lin X, Wang S, Zhang H . Effect of DBP/DEHP in vegetable planted soil on the quality of capsicum fruit. Chemosphere. 2003; 50(6):801-5. DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00222-9. View

Yemm E, Willis A . The estimation of carbohydrates in plant extracts by anthrone. Biochem J. 1954; 57(3):508-14. PMC: 1269789. DOI: 10.1042/bj0570508. View

Hu C, Delauney A, Verma D . A bifunctional enzyme (delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992; 89(19):9354-8. PMC: 50125. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.19.9354. View

Saarma K, Tarkka M, Itavaara M, Fagerstedt K . Heat shock protein synthesis is induced by diethyl phthalate but not by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in radish (Raphanus sativus). J Plant Physiol. 2003; 160(9):1001-10. DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00525. View

Thiery L, Leprince A, Lefebvre D, Ghars M, Debarbieux E, Savoure A . Phospholipase D is a negative regulator of proline biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279(15):14812-8. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M308456200. View

Mackintosh C, Maldonado J, Hongwu J, Hoover N, Chong A, Ikonomou M . Distribution of phthalate esters in a marine aquatic food web: comparison to polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ Sci Technol. 2004; 38(7):2011-20. DOI: 10.1021/es034745r. View

Apel K, Hirt H . Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2004; 55:373-99. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701. View

Foyer C, Noctor G . Redox homeostasis and antioxidant signaling: a metabolic interface between stress perception and physiological responses. Plant Cell. 2005; 17(7):1866-75. PMC: 1167537. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.033589. View

10.

Yang S, Huang C, Wu Z, Hu J, Li T, Liu S . Stomatal movement in response to long distance-communicated signals initiated by heat shock in partial roots of Commelina communis L. Sci China C Life Sci. 2006; 49(1):18-25. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-005-0117-8. View

11.

Arnon D . COPPER ENZYMES IN ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS. POLYPHENOLOXIDASE IN BETA VULGARIS. Plant Physiol. 1949; 24(1):1-15. PMC: 437905. DOI: 10.1104/pp.24.1.1. View

12.

Szoke A, Miao G, Hong Z, Verma D . Subcellular location of delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in root/nodule and leaf of soybean. Plant Physiol. 1992; 99(4):1642-9. PMC: 1080675. DOI: 10.1104/pp.99.4.1642. View

13.

Huang Q, Wang Q, Tan W, Song G, Lu G, Li F . Biochemical responses of two typical duckweeds exposed to dibutyl phthalate. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2006; 41(8):1615-26. DOI: 10.1080/10934520600754185. View

14.

Parre E, Ghars M, Leprince A, Thiery L, Lefebvre D, Bordenave M . Calcium signaling via phospholipase C is essential for proline accumulation upon ionic but not nonionic hyperosmotic stresses in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2007; 144(1):503-12. PMC: 1913778. DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.095281. View

15.

Cai Q, Mo C, Wu Q, Zeng Q, Katsoyiannis A . Occurrence of organic contaminants in sewage sludges from eleven wastewater treatment plants, China. Chemosphere. 2007; 68(9):1751-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.041. View

16.

Liao C, Yen J, Wang Y . Growth inhibition in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) growth exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate. J Hazard Mater. 2008; 163(2-3):625-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.025. View

17.

Li X, Zeng Z, Chen Y, Xu Y . Determination of phthalate acid esters plasticizers in plastic by ultrasonic solvent extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction using calix[4]arene fiber. Talanta. 2008; 63(4):1013-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.01.006. View

18.

Bai R, Ma F, Liang D, Zhao X . Phthalic acid induces oxidative stress and alters the activity of some antioxidant enzymes in roots of Malus prunifolia. J Chem Ecol. 2009; 35(4):488-94. DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9615-7. View

19.

Whyatt R, Adibi J, Calafat A, Camann D, Rauh V, Bhat H . Prenatal di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exposure and length of gestation among an inner-city cohort. Pediatrics. 2009; 124(6):e1213-20. PMC: 3137456. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-0325. View

20.

Szabados L, Savoure A . Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci. 2009; 15(2):89-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.009. View