A Novel Method for Measuring the Timing of Heart Sound Components Through Digital Phonocardiography

Overview

Journal Sensors (Basel)

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2019 Apr 24

PMID 31010113

Citations 15

Authors

Noemi Giordano

Marco Knaflitz

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The auscultation of heart sounds has been for decades a fundamental diagnostic tool in clinical practice. Higher effectiveness can be achieved by recording the corresponding biomedical signal, namely the phonocardiographic signal, and processing it by means of traditional signal processing techniques. An unavoidable processing step is the heart sound segmentation, which is still a challenging task from a technical viewpoint-a limitation of state-of-the-art approaches is the unavailability of trustworthy techniques for the detection of heart sound components. The aim of this work is to design a reliable algorithm for the identification and the classification of heart sounds' main components. The proposed methodology was tested on a sample population of 24 healthy subjects over 10-min-long simultaneous electrocardiographic and phonocardiographic recordings and it was found capable of correctly detecting and classifying an average of 99.2% of the heart sounds along with their components. Moreover, the delay of each component with respect to the corresponding R-wave peak and the delay among the components of the same heart sound were computed: the resulting experimental values are coherent with what is expected from the literature and what was obtained by other studies.

Citing Articles

Fully automated template matching method for ECG-free heartbeat detection in cardiomechanical signals of healthy and pathological subjects.

Parlato S, Centracchio J, Esposito D, Bifulco P, Andreozzi E Phys Eng Sci Med. 2025; .

PMID: 40080259 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-025-01531-3.

Accurate Localization of First and Second Heart Sounds via Template Matching in Forcecardiography Signals.

Centracchio J, Parlato S, Esposito D, Andreozzi E Sensors (Basel). 2024; 24(5).

PMID: 38475062 PMC: 10934607. DOI: 10.3390/s24051525.

Cardiac Electromechanical Activity in Healthy Cats and Cats with Cardiomyopathies.

Brloznik M, Lunka E, Avbelj V, Nemec Svete A, Domanjko Petric A Sensors (Basel). 2023; 23(19).

PMID: 37837166 PMC: 10574989. DOI: 10.3390/s23198336.

ECG-Free Heartbeat Detection in Seismocardiography and Gyrocardiography Signals Provides Acceptable Heart Rate Variability Indices in Healthy and Pathological Subjects.

Parlato S, Centracchio J, Esposito D, Bifulco P, Andreozzi E Sensors (Basel). 2023; 23(19).

PMID: 37836942 PMC: 10575135. DOI: 10.3390/s23198114.

Novel phonocardiography system for heartbeat detection from various locations.

Jaros R, Koutny J, Ladrova M, Martinek R Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1):14392.

PMID: 37658080 PMC: 10474097. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41102-8.

References

Hanna I, Silverman M . A history of cardiac auscultation and some of its contributors. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90(3):259-67. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02465-7. View

HEINTZEN P . The genesis of the normally split first heart sound. Am Heart J. 1961; 62:332-43. DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(61)90399-4. View

Wang P, Lim C, Chauhan S, Foo J, Anantharaman V . Phonocardiographic signal analysis method using a modified hidden Markov model. Ann Biomed Eng. 2006; 35(3):367-74. DOI: 10.1007/s10439-006-9232-3. View

Wang P, Kim Y, Ling L, Soh C . First heart sound detection for phonocardiogram segmentation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2007; 2005:5519-22. DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2005.1615733. View

Efstratiadis S, Michaels A . Computerized acoustic cardiographic electromechanical activation time correlates with invasive and echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular contractility. J Card Fail. 2008; 14(7):577-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.03.011. View

Delgado-Trejos E, Quiceno-Manrique A, Godino-Llorente J, Blanco-Velasco M, Castellanos-Dominguez G . Digital auscultation analysis for heart murmur detection. Ann Biomed Eng. 2008; 37(2):337-53. DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9611-z. View

McMurray J, Adamopoulos S, Anker S, Auricchio A, Bohm M, Dickstein K . ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the.... Eur Heart J. 2012; 33(14):1787-847. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs104. View

Naseri H, Homaeinezhad M . Computerized quality assessment of phonocardiogram signal measurement-acquisition parameters. J Med Eng Technol. 2012; 36(6):308-18. DOI: 10.3109/03091902.2012.684832. View

Emmanuel B . A review of signal processing techniques for heart sound analysis in clinical diagnosis. J Med Eng Technol. 2012; 36(6):303-7. DOI: 10.3109/03091902.2012.684831. View

10.

Naseri H, Homaeinezhad M . Detection and boundary identification of phonocardiogram sounds using an expert frequency-energy based metric. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012; 41(2):279-92. DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0645-x. View

11.

Hamza Cherif L, Debbal S . Algorithm for detection of the internal components of the heart sounds and their split using a Hilbert transform. J Med Eng Technol. 2013; 37(3):220-30. DOI: 10.3109/03091902.2013.786154. View

12.

Yancy C, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey Jr D, Drazner M . 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 62(16):e147-239. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019. View

13.

Thiyagaraja S, Vempati J, Dantu R, Sarma T, Dantu S . Smart phone monitoring of second heart sound split. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2015; 2014:2181-4. DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944050. View

14.

KENNEDY H, Whitlock J, Sprague M, Kennedy L, Buckingham T, Goldberg R . Long-term follow-up of asymptomatic healthy subjects with frequent and complex ventricular ectopy. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312(4):193-7. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198501243120401. View

15.

Leng S, Tan R, Chai K, Wang C, Ghista D, Zhong L . The electronic stethoscope. Biomed Eng Online. 2015; 14:66. PMC: 4496820. DOI: 10.1186/s12938-015-0056-y. View

16.

Springer D, Tarassenko L, Clifford G . Logistic Regression-HSMM-Based Heart Sound Segmentation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2015; 63(4):822-32. DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2015.2475278. View

17.

Barma S, Chen B, Man K, Wang J . Quantitative Measurement of Split of the Second Heart Sound (S2). IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform. 2015; 12(4):851-60. DOI: 10.1109/TCBB.2014.2351804. View

18.

Liu Q, Wu X, Ma X . An automatic segmentation method for heart sounds. Biomed Eng Online. 2018; 17(1):106. PMC: 6080363. DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0538-9. View

19.

Mubarak Q, Akram M, Shaukat A, Hussain F, Khawaja S, Haider Butt W . Analysis of PCG signals using quality assessment and homomorphic filters for localization and classification of heart sounds. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2018; 164:143-157. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.07.006. View

20.

Meintjes A, Lowe A, Legget M . Fundamental Heart Sound Classification using the Continuous Wavelet Transform and Convolutional Neural Networks. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2018; 2018:409-412. DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2018.8512284. View