Inflammatory Cytokines in Highly Myopic Eyes

Overview

Journal Sci Rep

Specialty Science

Date 2019 Mar 7

PMID 30837544

Citations 36

Authors

Jianshu Yuan

Shanjun Wu

Yuewen Wang

Suqi Pan

Pengyun Wang

Lingyun Cheng

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Currently, myopic retinopathy is the most common irreversible blinding disease but its pathophysiology is not completely clear. A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in a single center to analyze aqueous samples from highly myopic eyes (axial length >25 mm, n = 92) and ametropic or mild myopic eyes (n = 88) for inflammatory cytokines. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-6 and MMP-2 were significantly higher in the highly myopic eyes than in the non-high myopic eyes (IL-6: 11.90 vs. 4.38 pg/mL, p < 0.0001; MMP-2: 13.10 vs. 8.82 ng/mL, p = 0.0003) while adjusting for age, gender, and intraocular pressure. There was a significant positive association between levels of IL-6 and MMP-2 in aqueous humor and the axial lengths of the eye globes (IL-6, β = 0.065, p < 0.0001, n = 134; MMP-2, β = 0.097, p < 0.0001, n = 131). Conversely, VEGF in aqueous humor was significantly lower in the highly myopic eyes than in the non-high myopic eyes (45.56 vs. 96.90 pg/mL, p < 0.0001, n = 153) while age, gender, and intraocular pressure were adjusted. The results suggest that low-grade intraocular inflammation may play an important role in the development and progression of high myopia and myopic retinopathy.

Citing Articles

Expression of cytokines in the aqueous humor of cataract patients with pathologic myopia and simple high myopia.

Han X, Hu Y, Chen Y, Cai J, Chen Y, Li N Mol Vis. 2025; 30:369-377.

PMID: 39959181 PMC: 11829778.

The role of NF-κB pathway and its regulation of inflammatory cytokines in scleral remodeling of form-deprivation mice model.

Xiao K, Chen Z, He S, Long Q, Chen Y Immunol Res. 2025; 73(1):48.

PMID: 39920470 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-025-09596-8.

Understanding cataract development in axial myopia: The contribution of oxidative stress and related pathways.

Swierczynska M, Tronina A, Smedowski A Redox Biol. 2025; 80:103495.

PMID: 39813957 PMC: 11782857. DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103495.

Association of dietary inflammatory index and refractive status in American adolescents: NHANES 1999-2008.

Chen X, Li X, Xu N, Li J, Guo Q, Miao H Front Med (Lausanne). 2024; 11:1511662.

PMID: 39703523 PMC: 11655238. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1511662.

Expression of LncRNAs in anterior capsule of lens in patients with pathologic myopia complicated with cataract.

Hu Y, Fan Y, Li N, Xu C, Wang J Int Ophthalmol. 2024; 45(1):10.

PMID: 39680214 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03366-5.

References

Jonas J, Tao Y, Neumaier M, Findeisen P . VEGF and refractive error. Ophthalmology. 2010; 117(11):2234.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.12.006. View

Hu Q, Liu G, Deng Q, Wu Q, Tao Y, Jonas J . Intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor concentration and axial length. Retina. 2014; 35(3):435-9. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000329. View

Wong C, Phua V, Lee S, Wong T, Cheung C . Is Choroidal or Scleral Thickness Related to Myopic Macular Degeneration?. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017; 58(2):907-913. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20742. View

Holden B, Fricke T, Wilson D, Jong M, Naidoo K, Sankaridurg P . Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016; 123(5):1036-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006. View

McBrien N, Lawlor P, Gentle A . Scleral remodeling during the development of and recovery from axial myopia in the tree shrew. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41(12):3713-9. View

Kamath Y, Singh A, Bhat S, Sripathi H . Acute onset myopia as a presenting feature of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Postgrad Med. 2013; 59(3):245-6. DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.118060. View

Smith 3rd E, Hung L, Huang J . Relative peripheral hyperopic defocus alters central refractive development in infant monkeys. Vision Res. 2009; 49(19):2386-92. PMC: 2745495. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.07.011. View

Pagenstecher A, Stalder A, Kincaid C, Shapiro S, Campbell I . Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase genes in the mouse central nervous system in normal and inflammatory states. Am J Pathol. 1998; 152(3):729-41. PMC: 1858390. View

Yim-Lui Cheung C, Ong Y, Hilal S, Ikram M, Low S, Ong Y . Retinal ganglion cell analysis using high-definition optical coherence tomography in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014; 45(1):45-56. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-141659. View

10.

Takahashi H, Takase H, Terada Y, Mochizuki M, Ohno-Matsui K . Acquired myopia in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Int Ophthalmol. 2018; 39(3):521-531. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-0841-2. View

11.

Goronzy J, Weyand C . Immune aging and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2012; 69(10):1615-23. PMC: 4277694. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0970-0. View

12.

Xu X, Han Y, Kong L, Ding X, Liu F, Cheng L . Clinical implication of triamcinolone in aqueous humor after depository sub-Tenon application. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2017; 43(11):1383-1390. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2017.08.010. View

13.

Chun H, Chung J, Kim H, Yun J, Jeon J, Ye Y . Cytokine IL-6 and IL-10 as biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Immunol. 2007; 27(5):461-6. DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9104-0. View

14.

Wong T, Foster P, Hee J, Ng T, Tielsch J, Chew S . Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41(9):2486-94. View

15.

Lin H, Wei C, Chang C, Chen T, Hsu Y, Hsieh Y . Role of Chronic Inflammation in Myopia Progression: Clinical Evidence and Experimental Validation. EBioMedicine. 2016; 10:269-81. PMC: 5006729. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.021. View

16.

Jabs D, Nussenblatt R, Rosenbaum J . Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005; 140(3):509-16. PMC: 8935739. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.03.057. View

17.

Dong N, Xu B, Wang B, Chu L . Study of 27 aqueous humor cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without retinopathy. Mol Vis. 2013; 19:1734-46. PMC: 3733907. View

18.

Murray P, Hoekzema R, Van Haren M, de Hon F, Kijlstra A . Aqueous humor interleukin-6 levels in uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990; 31(5):917-20. View

19.

Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Noma H, Mimura T, Nakamura S, Sakata K . Aqueous humor levels of cytokines are related to vitreous levels and progression of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004; 243(1):3-8. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-004-0950-7. View

20.

Lambrechts D, Storkebaum E, Carmeliet P . VEGF: necessary to prevent motoneuron degeneration, sufficient to treat ALS?. Trends Mol Med. 2004; 10(6):275-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2004.04.004. View