Method Development for Assessing Carbamazepine, Caffeine, and Atrazine in Water Sources from the Brazilian Federal District Using UPLC-QTOF/MS

Overview

Journal Int J Anal Chem

Publisher Wiley

Specialty Chemistry

Date 2018 Dec 12

PMID 30534154

Authors

Fernando F Sodre

Cinthia M P Cavalcanti

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

About 3.0 million people living under a typical tropical savannah climate in the Brazilian Federal District (FD) have faced an unprecedented water crisis. Considering the need for indirect reuse of wastewater for public supply, this work aimed to investigate FD water sources regarding the presence and risks of three contaminants of emerging concern: caffeine, carbamazepine, and atrazine. Samples from two current water sources (Descoberto and Santa-Maria Lakes) and two future water sources of the FD (Paranoá and Corumbá Lakes) were analyzed by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS). Method precision and accuracy were satisfactory and limits of quantification ranged from 0.37 to 0.54 ng/L. Higher concentrations were observed for caffeine in the future water sources (39 to 180 ng/L) followed by carbamazepine (5.4 to 25 ng/L) and atrazine (3.9 to 15 ng/L). The less-impacted water sources, in current use in the FD, present caffeine concentrations ranging from 4.8 to 32 ng/L and atrazine levels varying between 2.4 and 5.5 ng/L. Carbamazepine was not detected in these reservoirs. Environmental risk assessment indicates a possible risk for carbamazepine and atrazine, evidencing the need for further studies. No human health risk was depicted within the results.

References

Brienza M, Mahdi Ahmed M, Escande A, Plantard G, Scrano L, Chiron S . Use of solar advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: Follow-up on degradation products, acute toxicity, genotoxicity and estrogenicity. Chemosphere. 2016; 148:473-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.070. View

Vystavna Y, Le Coustumer P, Huneau F . Monitoring of trace metals and pharmaceuticals as anthropogenic and socio-economic indicators of urban and industrial impact on surface waters. Environ Monit Assess. 2012; 185(4):3581-601. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2811-x. View

Prosser R, Sibley P . Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in plant tissue due to biosolids and manure amendments, and wastewater irrigation. Environ Int. 2014; 75:223-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.020. View

Bussan D, Ochs C, Jackson C, Anumol T, Snyder S, Cizdziel J . Concentrations of select dissolved trace elements and anthropogenic organic compounds in the Mississippi River and major tributaries during the summer of 2012 and 2013. Environ Monit Assess. 2017; 189(2):73. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5785-x. View

Almeida A, Castel-Branco M, Falcao A . Linear regression for calibration lines revisited: weighting schemes for bioanalytical methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002; 774(2):215-22. DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00244-1. View

Leung H, Jin L, Wei S, Tsui M, Zhou B, Jiao L . Pharmaceuticals in tap water: human health risk assessment and proposed monitoring framework in China. Environ Health Perspect. 2013; 121(7):839-46. PMC: 3702003. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206244. View

Furlong E, Batt A, Glassmeyer S, Noriega M, Kolpin D, Mash H . Nationwide reconnaissance of contaminants of emerging concern in source and treated drinking waters of the United States: Pharmaceuticals. Sci Total Environ. 2017; 579:1629-1642. PMC: 7017633. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.128. View

Parolini M, Magni S, Castiglioni S, Binelli A . Genotoxic effects induced by the exposure to an environmental mixture of illicit drugs to the zebra mussel. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016; 132:26-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.022. View

Campanha M, Awan A, de Sousa D, Grosseli G, Mozeto A, Fadini P . A 3-year study on occurrence of emerging contaminants in an urban stream of São Paulo State of Southeast Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014; 22(10):7936-47. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3929-x. View

10.

Montagner C, Umbuzeiro G, Pasquini C, Jardim W . Caffeine as an indicator of estrogenic activity in source water. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2014; 16(8):1866-9. DOI: 10.1039/c4em00058g. View

11.

Komori K, Suzuki Y, Minamiyama M, Harada A . Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in river water in Japan and assessment of their environmental risk. Environ Monit Assess. 2012; 185(6):4529-36. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2886-4. View

12.

Tewari S, Jindal R, Kho Y, Eo S, Choi K . Major pharmaceutical residues in wastewater treatment plants and receiving waters in Bangkok, Thailand, and associated ecological risks. Chemosphere. 2013; 91(5):697-704. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.042. View

13.

Andrade J, Estevez-Perez M . Statistical comparison of the slopes of two regression lines: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta. 2014; 838:1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.057. View

14.

Richardson S . Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem. 2009; 81(12):4645-77. DOI: 10.1021/ac9008012. View

15.

Chen Z, Ying G, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Zhao J, Liu S . Triclosan as a surrogate for household biocides: an investigation into biocides in aquatic environments of a highly urbanized region. Water Res. 2014; 58:269-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.072. View

16.

de Jesus Gaffney V, Almeida C, Rodrigues A, Ferreira E, Benoliel M, Cardoso V . Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a water supply system and related human health risk assessment. Water Res. 2014; 72:199-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.027. View

17.

Machado K, Grassi M, Vidal C, Pescara I, Jardim W, Fernandes A . A preliminary nationwide survey of the presence of emerging contaminants in drinking and source waters in Brazil. Sci Total Environ. 2016; 572:138-146. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.210. View

18.

Buerge I, Poiger T, Muller M, Buser H . Caffeine, an anthropogenic marker for wastewater comtamination of surface waters. Environ Sci Technol. 2003; 37(4):691-700. DOI: 10.1021/es020125z. View

19.

Escher B, Baumgartner R, Koller M, Treyer K, Lienert J, McArdell C . Environmental toxicology and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater. Water Res. 2010; 45(1):75-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.019. View

20.

Kidd K, Blanchfield P, Mills K, Palace V, Evans R, Lazorchak J . Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104(21):8897-901. PMC: 1874224. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609568104. View