Metabolic Syndrome, Not Menopause, is a Risk Factor for Hypertension in Peri-menopausal Women

Overview

Journal Clin Hypertens

Publisher Biomed Central

Date 2018 Oct 24

PMID 30349737

Citations 3

Authors

Gyu Chul Oh

Kee Soo Kang

Chan Soon Park

Ho Kyung Sung

Kyoung Hwa Ha

Hyeon Chang Kim

Sungha Park

Sang Hyun Ihm

Hae-Young Lee

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: It has been long debated whether menopause itself is a risk factor for hypertension in peri-menopausal women. We aimed to assess the association between menopause and hypertension, and whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) has an influence on its effect.

Methods: Data for 1502 women aged 42 to 53 from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) database were retrospectively analyzed. The KoGES database consists of 10,038 participants, of which 52.6% (5275) were female. Subjects were followed up for 4 years, and compared according to menopausal status. Additionally, 1216 non-hypertensive subjects were separately analyzed to assess whether a change in menopausal status was associated with development of hypertension.

Results: The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and MetS for menopausal and non-menopausal subjects at baseline was 24.4% vs. 16.7%, 5.8% vs. 2.9%, and 25.4% vs. 16.6%, respectively ( < 0.01 for all comparisons). Among non-hypertensive subjects at baseline, prevalence of hypertension at 4-year follow-up was 9.4%, 19.7%, and 13.1% for non-menopausal, those who became menopause during follow-up, and those who were menopause at baseline, respectively. Development of hypertension was positively correlated with MetS (HR 3.90, 95% CI 2.51-6.07) and increased BMI (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.16), while association with menopause was not significant.

Conclusions: Menopause is closely associated with increased incidence of hypertension, but the increase may not be attributable to menopause itself but to increased prevalence of MetS.

Citing Articles

Sex differences in hypertension. Do we need a sex-specific guideline?.

Cifkova R, Strilchuk L Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022; 9:960336.

PMID: 36082119 PMC: 9445242. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.960336.

Association of the Risk of Osteoarthritis and Hypertension in the Korean Adult Population Aged 40-59 in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women: Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012-2016 Data.

Ryu M, Ha J, Lee S, Baek W, Kimm H, Gym H Int J Hypertens. 2021; 2021:8065838.

PMID: 33708440 PMC: 7929687. DOI: 10.1155/2021/8065838.

Hypertension in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women.

Brahmbhatt Y, Gupta M, Hamrahian S Curr Hypertens Rep. 2019; 21(10):74.

PMID: 31451980 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-019-0979-y.

References

Lee H, Park J . The Korean Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in 2013: Its Essentials and Key Points. Pulse (Basel). 2015; 3(1):21-8. PMC: 4646144. DOI: 10.1159/000381994. View

Eckel R, Grundy S, Zimmet P . The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2005; 365(9468):1415-28. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7. View

Kearney P, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton P, He J . Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005; 365(9455):217-23. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17741-1. View

Zamboni M, Armellini F, Milani M, De Marchi M, Todesco T, Robbi R . Body fat distribution in pre- and post-menopausal women: metabolic and anthropometric variables and their inter-relationships. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992; 16(7):495-504. View

Staessen J, Bulpitt C, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Amery A . The influence of menopause on blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens. 1989; 3(6):427-33. View

Bjorkelund C, Lissner L, Andersson S, Lapidus L, Bengtsson C . Reproductive history in relation to relative weight and fat distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996; 20(3):213-9. View

Schunkert H, Danser A, Hense H, Derkx F, Kurzinger S, Riegger G . Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the renin-angiotensin system in postmenopausal women. Circulation. 1997; 95(1):39-45. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.95.1.39. View

Lee S, Cha M, Kang D, Oh K, Shin D, Lee H . Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome among hypertensive population: ten years' trend of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Cardiol. 2011; 166(3):633-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.095. View

Zanchetti A, Facchetti R, Cesana G, Modena M, Pirrelli A, Sega R . Menopause-related blood pressure increase and its relationship to age and body mass index: the SIMONA epidemiological study. J Hypertens. 2005; 23(12):2269-76. DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000194118.35098.43. View

10.

Noh J, Kim H, Shin A, Yeom H, Jang S, Lee J . Prevalence of Comorbidity among People with Hypertension: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2013. Korean Circ J. 2016; 46(5):672-680. PMC: 5054180. DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2016.46.5.672. View

11.

Alvarez G, Beske S, Ballard T, Davy K . Sympathetic neural activation in visceral obesity. Circulation. 2002; 106(20):2533-6. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000041244.79165.25. View

12.

Grobbee D, van Hemert A, Vandenbroucke J, Hofman A, VALKENBURG H . Importance of body weight in determining rise and level of blood pressure in postmenopausal women. J Hypertens Suppl. 1988; 6(4):S614-6. DOI: 10.1097/00004872-198812040-00192. View

13.

Park C, Ha K, Kim H, Park S, Ihm S, Lee H . The Association between Parameters of Socioeconomic Status and Hypertension in Korea: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2016; 31(12):1922-1928. PMC: 5102855. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.12.1922. View

14.

Ford E, Giles W, Dietz W . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002; 287(3):356-9. DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.3.356. View

15.

Kim J, Kim M, Kang S, Kim B, Baek M, Park Y . Obesity and Hypertension in Association with Diastolic Dysfunction Could Reduce Exercise Capacity. Korean Circ J. 2016; 46(3):394-401. PMC: 4891604. DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2016.46.3.394. View

16.

Lee S, Park H, Kim D, Han J, Kim S, Cho G . Appropriate waist circumference cutoff points for central obesity in Korean adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006; 75(1):72-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.04.013. View

17.

Park Y, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon M, Heymsfield S . The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(4):427-36. PMC: 3146257. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.163.4.427. View

18.

Casiglia E, Tikhonoff V, Caffi S, Bascelli A, Schiavon L, Guidotti F . Menopause does not affect blood pressure and risk profile, and menopausal women do not become similar to men. J Hypertens. 2008; 26(10):1983-92. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32830bfdd9. View

19.

Staessen J, Ginocchio G, Thijs L, Fagard R . Conventional and ambulatory blood pressure and menopause in a prospective population study. J Hum Hypertens. 1997; 11(8):507-14. DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1000476. View

20.

. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001; 285(19):2486-97. DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486. View