Recent Trends in Unpasteurized Fluid Milk Outbreaks, Legalization, and Consumption in the United States

Overview

Journal PLoS Curr

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2018 Oct 4

PMID 30279996

Citations 8

Authors

Joanne Whitehead

Bryony Lake

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Introduction: Determining the potential risk of foodborne illness has become critical for informing policy decisions, due to the increasing availability and popularity of unpasteurized (raw) milk.

Methods: Trends in foodborne illnesses reported to the Centers for Disease Control in the United States from 2005 to 2016 were analyzed, with comparison to state legal status and to consumption, as estimated by licensing records.

Results: The rate of unpasteurized milk-associated outbreaks has been declining since 2010, despite increasing legal distribution. Controlling for growth in population and consumption, the outbreak rate has effectively decreased by 74% since 2005.

Discussion: Studies of the role of on-farm food safety programs to promote the further reduction of unpasteurized milk outbreaks should be initiated, to investigate the efficacy of such risk management tools.

Citing Articles

Trends in Burdens of Disease by Transmission Source (USA, 2005-2020) and Hazard Identification for Foods: Focus on Milkborne Disease.

Stephenson M, Coleman M, Azzolina N J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2024; 14(3):787-816.

PMID: 38546802 PMC: 11442898. DOI: 10.1007/s44197-024-00216-6.

Public health risks of raw milk consumption: Lessons from a case of paediatric hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Silveira A, Carvalho J, Loh L, Benusic M Can Commun Dis Rep. 2024; 49(9):375-379.

PMID: 38463905 PMC: 10919754. DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v49i09a03.

Molecular epidemiology and pathogenomics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing- and - isolates from bulk tank milk in Tennessee, USA.

Gelalcha B, Mohammed R, Gelgie A, Kerro Dego O Front Microbiol. 2023; 14:1283165.

PMID: 38029210 PMC: 10658008. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1283165.

Drivers and hazards of consumption of unpasteurised bovine milk and milk products in high-income countries.

de Klerk J, Robinson P PeerJ. 2022; 10:e13426.

PMID: 35646485 PMC: 9135038. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13426.

Disease outbreaks linked to pasteurized and unpasteurized dairy products in Canada and the United States: a systematic review.

Sebastianski M, Bridger N, Featherstone R, Robinson J Can J Public Health. 2022; 113(4):569-578.

PMID: 35277846 PMC: 9262997. DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00614-y.

References

Riedler J, Braun-Fahrlander C, Eder W, Schreuer M, Waser M, Maisch S . Exposure to farming in early life and development of asthma and allergy: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet. 2001; 358(9288):1129-33. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06252-3. View

Kaario H, Huttunen K, Karvonen A, Schaub B, von Mutius E, Pekkanen J . Exposure to a farm environment is associated with T helper 1 and regulatory cytokines at age 4.5 years. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015; 46(1):71-7. DOI: 10.1111/cea.12636. View

Radon K, Windstetter D, Eckart J, Dressel H, Leitritz L, Reichert J . Farming exposure in childhood, exposure to markers of infections and the development of atopy in rural subjects. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004; 34(8):1178-83. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02005.x. View

Loss G, Bitter S, Wohlgensinger J, Frei R, Roduit C, Genuneit J . Prenatal and early-life exposures alter expression of innate immunity genes: the PASTURE cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 130(2):523-30.e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.049. View

Loss G, Apprich S, Waser M, Kneifel W, Genuneit J, Buchele G . The protective effect of farm milk consumption on childhood asthma and atopy: the GABRIELA study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 128(4):766-773.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.048. View

Waser M, Michels K, Bieli C, Floistrup H, Pershagen G, von Mutius E . Inverse association of farm milk consumption with asthma and allergy in rural and suburban populations across Europe. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007; 37(5):661-70. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02640.x. View

Martikainen M, Kaario H, Karvonen A, Schroder P, Renz H, Kaulek V . Farm exposures are associated with lower percentage of circulating myeloid dendritic cell subtype 2 at age 6. Allergy. 2015; 70(10):1278-87. DOI: 10.1111/all.12682. View

Muller-Rompa S, Markevych I, Hose A, Loss G, Wouters I, Genuneit J . An approach to the asthma-protective farm effect by geocoding: Good farms and better farms. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2018; 29(3):275-282. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12861. View

Sozanska B, Pearce N, Dudek K, Cullinan P . Consumption of unpasteurized milk and its effects on atopy and asthma in children and adult inhabitants in rural Poland. Allergy. 2013; 68(5):644-50. DOI: 10.1111/all.12147. View

10.

Bieli C, Eder W, Frei R, Braun-Fahrlander C, Klimecki W, Waser M . A polymorphism in CD14 modifies the effect of farm milk consumption on allergic diseases and CD14 gene expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 120(6):1308-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.034. View

11.

Brick T, Schober Y, Bocking C, Pekkanen J, Genuneit J, Loss G . ω-3 fatty acids contribute to the asthma-protective effect of unprocessed cow's milk. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 137(6):1699-1706.e13. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.042. View

12.

Abbring S, Verheijden K, Diks M, Leusink-Muis A, Hols G, Baars T . Raw Cow's Milk Prevents the Development of Airway Inflammation in a Murine House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma Model. Front Immunol. 2017; 8:1045. PMC: 5581320. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01045. View

13.

Ege M, Strachan D, Cookson W, Moffatt M, Gut I, Lathrop M . Gene-environment interaction for childhood asthma and exposure to farming in Central Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 127(1):138-44, 144.e1-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.09.041. View

14.

Wyss A, House J, Hoppin J, Richards M, Hankinson J, Long S . Raw milk consumption and other early-life farm exposures and adult pulmonary function in the Agricultural Lung Health Study. Thorax. 2017; 73(3):279-282. PMC: 5758444. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210031. View

15.

Perkin M, Strachan D . Which aspects of the farming lifestyle explain the inverse association with childhood allergy?. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006; 117(6):1374-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.008. View

16.

Bocking C, Harb H, Ege M, Zehethofer N, Fischer K, Krauss J . Bioavailability and allergoprotective capacity of milk-associated conjugated linoleic acid in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2014; 163(3):234-42. DOI: 10.1159/000358523. View

17.

. Salmonella typhimurium infection associated with raw milk and cheese consumption--Pennsylvania, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007; 56(44):1161-4. View

18.

Hodgkinson A, McDonald N, Hine B . Effect of raw milk on allergic responses in a murine model of gastrointestinal allergy. Br J Nutr. 2014; 112(3):390-7. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514001044. View

19.

Schroder P, Illi S, Casaca V, Lluis A, Bock A, Roduit C . A switch in regulatory T cells through farm exposure during immune maturation in childhood. Allergy. 2016; 72(4):604-615. DOI: 10.1111/all.13069. View

20.

Depner M, Ege M, Genuneit J, Pekkanen J, Roponen M, Hirvonen M . Atopic sensitization in the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 131(3):781-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.048. View