Dose-dependent Effects of 1O2 in Chloroplasts Are Determined by Its Timing and Localization of Production

In plants, highly reactive singlet oxygen (1O2) is known to inhibit photosynthesis and to damage the cell as a cytotoxin. However, more recent studies have also proposed 1O2 as a signal. In plants under stress, not only 1O2 but also other reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated simultaneously, thus making it difficult to link a particular response to the release of 1O2 and establish a signaling role for this ROS. This obstacle has been overcome by the identification of conditional mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that selectively generate 1O2 and trigger various 1O2-mediated responses. In chloroplasts of these mutants, chlorophyll or its biosynthetic intermediates may act as a photosensitizer and generate 1O2. These 1O2-mediated responses are not only dependent on the dosage of 1O2 but also are determined by the timing and suborganellar localization of its production. This spatial- and temporal-dependent variability of 1O2-mediated responses emphasizes the importance of 1O2 as a highly versatile and short-lived signal that acts throughout the life cycle of a plant.