Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Motor Neuron Disease in Australian Dogs and Cats

Overview

Journal J Vet Med

Specialty Veterinary Medicine

Date 2018 Aug 31

PMID 30159335

Citations 3

Authors

A M Herndon

A T Thompson

C Mack

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Diseases presenting with lower motor neuron (LMN) signs are frequently seen in small animal veterinary practice in Australia. In addition to the most common causes of LMN disease seen world-wide, such as idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis and myasthenia gravis, there are several conditions presenting with LMN signs that are peculiar to the continent of Australia. These include snake envenomation by tiger ( spp.), brown ( spp.), and black snakes ( spp.), tick paralysis associated with and , and tetrodotoxins from marine animals such as puffer fish (Tetraodontidae spp.) and blue-ring octopus ( spp.). The wide range of differential diagnoses along with the number of etiological-specific treatments (e.g., antivenin, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) and highly variable prognoses underscores the importance of a complete physical exam and comprehensive history to aid in rapid and accurate diagnosis of LMN disease in Australian dogs and cats. The purpose of this review is to discuss diagnosis and treatment of LMN diseases seen in dogs and cats in Australia.

Citing Articles

Mechanical ventilation in snake envenomation of dogs and cats.

Morris C, Donaldson R Front Vet Sci. 2023; 10:1071257.

PMID: 37065246 PMC: 10090310. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1071257.

A One Health review of aerodigestive disease in dogs.

Grobman M, Reinero C J Vet Intern Med. 2023; 37(3):817-834.

PMID: 36987535 PMC: 10229372. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16661.

Apparent tick paralysis in a cat from North America.

Honnas C, Athey J, Verocai G, Snowden K, Esteve-Gasent M, Mankin J JFMS Open Rep. 2020; 6(2):2055116920964001.

PMID: 33117555 PMC: 7570782. DOI: 10.1177/2055116920964001.

References

Atwell R, Campbell F, Evans E . Prospective survey of tick paralysis in dogs. Aust Vet J. 2001; 79(6):412-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb12986.x. View

Brazier I, Kelman M, Ward M . The association between landscape and climate and reported tick paralysis cases in dogs and cats in Australia. Vet Parasitol. 2014; 204(3-4):339-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.018. View

Padula A, Winkel K . Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation in the dog: Diagnosis and treatment of nine cases. Toxicon. 2016; 117:69-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.022. View

Cuddon P . Acquired canine peripheral neuropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2002; 32(1):207-49. DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00086-x. View

Hamilton T, Cook Jr J, Braund K, Morrison W, Mehta J . Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991; 198(4):635-8. View

Elad D, Yas-Natan E, Aroch I, Shamir M, Kleinbart S, Hadash D . Natural Clostridium botulinum type C toxicosis in a group of cats. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42(11):5406-8. PMC: 525276. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.11.5406-5408.2004. View

Hague D, Humphries H, Mitchell M, Shelton G . Risk Factors and Outcomes in Cats with Acquired Myasthenia Gravis (2001-2012). J Vet Intern Med. 2015; 29(5):1307-12. PMC: 4858034. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13596. View

Segev G, Baneth G, Levitin B, Shlosberg A, Aroch I . Accidental poisoning of 17 dogs with lasalocid. Vet Rec. 2004; 155(6):174-6. DOI: 10.1136/vr.155.6.174. View

Shelton G, Willard M, CARDINET 3rd G, Lindstrom J . Acquired myasthenia gravis. Selective involvement of esophageal, pharyngeal, and facial muscles. J Vet Intern Med. 1990; 4(6):281-4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1990.tb03124.x. View

10.

Pratheepa V, Vasconcelos V . Microbial diversity associated with tetrodotoxin production in marine organisms. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013; 36(3):1046-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.08.013. View

11.

Jacoby-Alner T, Stephens N, Davern K, Balmer L, Brown S, Swindells K . Histopathological analysis and in situ localisation of Australian tiger snake venom in two clinically envenomed domestic animals. Toxicon. 2011; 58(4):304-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.008. View

12.

Barr S . Clinical features therapy and epidemiology of tiger snake bite in dogs and cats. Aust Vet J. 1984; 61(7):208-12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1984.tb05990.x. View

13.

Holt N, Murray M, Cuddon P, Lappin M . Seroprevalence of various infectious agents in dogs with suspected acute canine polyradiculoneuritis. J Vet Intern Med. 2011; 25(2):261-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0692.x. View

14.

Heller J, Mellor D, Hodgson J, Reid S, Hodgson D, Bosward K . Elapid snake envenomation in dogs in New South Wales: a review. Aust Vet J. 2007; 85(11):469-79. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00194.x. View

15.

Flagstad A . Myasthenia in dogs. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1991; 116 Suppl 1:106S-108S. View

16.

Hegyi B, Barandi L, Komaromi I, Papp F, Horvath B, Magyar J . Tetrodotoxin blocks L-type Ca2+ channels in canine ventricular cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Arch. 2012; 464(2):167-74. DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1114-y. View

17.

Barker S, Walker A, Campelo D . A list of the 70 species of Australian ticks; diagnostic guides to and species accounts of Ixodes holocyclus (paralysis tick), Ixodes cornuatus (southern paralysis tick) and Rhipicephalus australis (Australian cattle tick); and consideration of the.... Int J Parasitol. 2014; 44(12):941-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.08.008. View

18.

Howard Jr J, Sanders D . Chapter 12 Neurotoxicology of neuromuscular transmission. Handb Clin Neurol. 2008; 91:369-400. DOI: 10.1016/S0072-9752(07)01512-6. View

19.

Jackson J, Beveridge I, Chilton N, Andrews R . Distributions of the paralysis ticks Ixodes cornuatus and Ixodes holocyclus in south-eastern Australia. Aust Vet J. 2007; 85(10):420-4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00183.x. View

20.

Padula A, Winkel K . Fatal presumed tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation in a cat with measurement of venom and antivenom concentration. Toxicon. 2016; 113:7-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.065. View