Hepatitis B Virus Adaptation to the CD8+ T Cell Response: Consequences for Host and Pathogen

Overview

Journal Front Immunol

Specialty Allergy & Immunology

Date 2018 Aug 1

PMID 30061882

Citations 15

Authors

Sheila F Lumley

Anna L McNaughton

Paul Klenerman

Katrina A Lythgoe

Philippa C Matthews

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Chronic viral hepatitis infections are a major public health concern, with an estimated 290 million individuals infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) globally. This virus has been a passenger in human populations for >30,000 years, and remains highly prevalent in some settings. In order for this endemic pathogen to persist, viral adaptation to host immune responses is pre-requisite. Here, we focus on the interplay between HBV infection and the CD8+ T cell response. We present the evidence that CD8+ T cells play an important role in control of chronic HBV infection and that the selective pressure imposed on HBV through evasion of these immune responses can potentially influence viral diversity, chronicity, and the outcome of infection, and highlight where there are gaps in current knowledge. Understanding the nature and mechanisms of HBV evolution and persistence could shed light on differential disease outcomes, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and help reach the goal of global HBV elimination by guiding the design of new strategies, including vaccines and therapeutics.

Citing Articles

Joint host-pathogen genomic analysis identifies hepatitis B virus mutations associated with human NTCP and HLA class I variation.

Xu Z, Gnouamozi G, Rueger S, Shea P, Buti M, Chan H Am J Hum Genet. 2024; 111(6):1018-1034.

PMID: 38749427 PMC: 11179264. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.04.013.

Recent advances in understanding T cell activation and exhaustion during HBV infection.

Wang L, Zeng X, Wang Z, Fang L, Liu J Virol Sin. 2023; 38(6):851-859.

PMID: 37866815 PMC: 10786656. DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.10.007.

Hepatitis B functional cure and immune response.

Zheng J, Wang Z, Feng B Front Immunol. 2022; 13:1075916.

PMID: 36466821 PMC: 9714500. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1075916.

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Generates Cross-Reactive Memory T Cell Responses to Zika Virus in Humans.

Wang R, Zhang M, Zhang L, Liu M, Shan C, An J J Trop Med. 2022; 2022:8379286.

PMID: 36444358 PMC: 9701130. DOI: 10.1155/2022/8379286.

Heterogeneity of immune control in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Clinical implications on immunity with interferon-α treatment and retreatment.

Yin G, Chen K, Gu X World J Gastroenterol. 2022; 28(40):5784-5800.

PMID: 36353205 PMC: 9639659. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i40.5784.

References

Schwartz O, Marechal V, Le Gall S, Lemonnier F, Heard J . Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by the HIV-1 Nef protein. Nat Med. 1996; 2(3):338-42. DOI: 10.1038/nm0396-338. View

Shoukry N, Grakoui A, Houghton M, Chien D, Ghrayeb J, Reimann K . Memory CD8+ T cells are required for protection from persistent hepatitis C virus infection. J Exp Med. 2003; 197(12):1645-55. PMC: 2193956. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030239. View

Whalley S, Brown D, Webster G, Jacobs R, Reignat S, Bertoletti A . Evolution of hepatitis B virus during primary infection in humans: transient generation of cytotoxic T-cell mutants. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127(4):1131-8. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.07.004. View

Wang H, Chien M, Huang H, Chang H, Wu C, Chen P . Distinct hepatitis B virus dynamics in the immunotolerant and early immunoclearance phases. J Virol. 2010; 84(7):3454-63. PMC: 2838120. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02164-09. View

Bertoletti A, Tan A, Koh S . T-cell therapy for chronic viral hepatitis. Cytotherapy. 2017; 19(11):1317-1324. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.07.011. View

Ito K, Qin Y, Guarnieri M, Garcia T, Kwei K, Mizokami M . Impairment of hepatitis B virus virion secretion by single-amino-acid substitutions in the small envelope protein and rescue by a novel glycosylation site. J Virol. 2010; 84(24):12850-61. PMC: 3004315. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01499-10. View

Hosaka T, Suzuki F, Kobayashi M, Fukushima T, Kawamura Y, Sezaki H . HLA-DP genes polymorphisms associate with hepatitis B surface antigen kinetics and seroclearance during nucleot(s)ide analogue therapy. Liver Int. 2014; 35(4):1290-302. DOI: 10.1111/liv.12652. View

Kloverpris H, Leslie A, Goulder P . Role of HLA Adaptation in HIV Evolution. Front Immunol. 2016; 6:665. PMC: 4716577. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00665. View

Rehermann B, PASQUINELLI C, Mosier S, Chisari F . Hepatitis B virus (HBV) sequence variation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes is not common in patients with chronic HBV infection. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96(3):1527-34. PMC: 185778. DOI: 10.1172/JCI118191. View

10.

Fitzmaurice K, Petrovic D, Ramamurthy N, Simmons R, Merani S, Gaudieri S . Molecular footprints reveal the impact of the protective HLA-A*03 allele in hepatitis C virus infection. Gut. 2011; 60(11):1563-71. PMC: 3184218. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.228403. View

11.

Pignatelli M, Waters J, Brown D, Lever A, Iwarson S, Schaff Z . HLA class I antigens on the hepatocyte membrane during recovery from acute hepatitis B virus infection and during interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 1986; 6(3):349-53. DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840060303. View

12.

Yu D, Li X, Mom V, Lu Z, Liao X, Han Y . N-glycosylation mutations within hepatitis B virus surface major hydrophilic region contribute mostly to immune escape. J Hepatol. 2013; 60(3):515-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.004. View

13.

Kamatani Y, Wattanapokayakit S, Ochi H, Kawaguchi T, Takahashi A, Hosono N . A genome-wide association study identifies variants in the HLA-DP locus associated with chronic hepatitis B in Asians. Nat Genet. 2009; 41(5):591-5. DOI: 10.1038/ng.348. View

14.

Ye B, Liu X, Li X, Kong H, Tian L, Chen Y . T-cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B infection: current knowledge and clinical significance. Cell Death Dis. 2015; 6:e1694. PMC: 4385920. DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.42. View

15.

Chen M, Billaud J, Sallberg M, Guidotti L, Chisari F, Jones J . A function of the hepatitis B virus precore protein is to regulate the immune response to the core antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101(41):14913-8. PMC: 522042. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406282101. View

16.

Nassal M, Dallmeier K, Schultz U, Sun D . Phenotyping hepatitis B virus variants: from transfection towards a small animal in vivo infection model. J Clin Virol. 2006; 34 Suppl 1:S89-95. DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(05)80017-4. View

17.

Mokaya J, McNaughton A, Hadley M, Beloukas A, Geretti A, Goedhals D . A systematic review of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug and vaccine escape mutations in Africa: A call for urgent action. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018; 12(8):e0006629. PMC: 6095632. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006629. View

18.

Kempinska A, Kwak E, Angel J . Reactivation of hepatitis B infection following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a hepatitis B-immune patient: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41(9):1277-82. DOI: 10.1086/496924. View

19.

Bertoletti A, Costanzo A, Chisari F, Levrero M, Artini M, Sette A . Cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to a wild type hepatitis B virus epitope in patients chronically infected by variant viruses carrying substitutions within the epitope. J Exp Med. 1994; 180(3):933-43. PMC: 2191652. DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.3.933. View

20.

Cao H, Zhang R, Zhang W . CTLA‑4 interferes with the HBV‑specific T cell immune response (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2018; 42(2):703-712. PMC: 6034931. DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3688. View