Underdiagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Consequence of Ignoring Practice Effects

Overview

Journal Alzheimers Dement (Amst)

Date 2018 Jul 14

PMID 30003138

Citations 41

Authors

Jeremy A Elman

Amy J Jak

Matthew S Panizzon

Xin M Tu

Tian Chen

Chandra A Reynolds

Daniel E Gustavson

Carol E Franz

Sean N Hatton

Kristen C Jacobson

Rosemary Toomey

Ruth McKenzie

Hong Xian

Michael J Lyons

William S Kremen

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Introduction: Longitudinal testing is necessary to accurately measure cognitive change. However, repeated testing is susceptible to practice effects, which may obscure true cognitive decline and delay detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: We retested 995 late-middle-aged men in a ∼6-year follow-up of the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. In addition, 170 age-matched replacements were tested for the first time at study wave 2. Group differences were used to calculate practice effects after controlling for attrition effects. MCI diagnoses were generated from practice-adjusted scores.

Results: There were significant practice effects on most cognitive domains. Conversion to MCI doubled after correcting for practice effects, from 4.5% to 9%. Importantly, practice effects were present although there were declines in uncorrected scores.

Discussion: Accounting for practice effects is critical to early detection of MCI. Declines, when lower than expected, can still indicate practice effects. Replacement participants are needed for accurately assessing disease progression.

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