Detection of Splicing Abnormalities and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in X-linked Alport Syndrome

Background: X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) is a progressive hereditary nephropathy caused by mutations in the gene. Genotype-phenotype correlation in male XLAS is relatively well established; relative to truncating mutations, nontruncating mutations exhibit milder phenotypes. However, transcript comparison between XLAS cases with splicing abnormalities that result in a premature stop codon and those with nontruncating splicing abnormalities has not been reported, mainly because transcript analysis is not routinely conducted in patients with XLAS.

Methods: We examined transcript expression for all patients with suspected splicing abnormalities who were treated at one hospital between January of 2006 and July of 2017. Additionally, we recruited 46 males from 29 families with splicing abnormalities to examine genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with truncating (=21, from 14 families) and nontruncating (=25, from 15 families) mutations at the transcript level.

Results: We detected 41 XLAS families with abnormal splicing patterns and described novel XLAS atypical splicing patterns (=14) other than exon skipping caused by point mutations in the splice consensus sequence. The median age for developing ESRD was 20 years (95% confidence interval, 14 to 23 years) among patients with truncating mutations and 29 years (95% confidence interval, 25 to 40 years) among patients with nontruncating mutations (=0.001).

Conclusions: We report unpredictable atypical splicing in the gene in male patients with XLAS and reveal that renal prognosis differs significantly for patients with truncating versus nontruncating splicing abnormalities. Our results suggest that splicing modulation should be explored as a therapy for XLAS with truncating mutations.