New Extracellular Factors in Glioblastoma Multiforme Development: Neurotensin, Growth Differentiation Factor-15, Sphingosine-1-phosphate and Cytomegalovirus Infection

Overview

Journal Oncotarget

Specialty Oncology

Date 2018 Feb 23

PMID 29467963

Citations 11

Authors

Jan Korbecki

Izabela Gutowska

Ireneusz Kojder

Dariusz Jezewski

Marta Goschorska

Agnieszka Lukomska

Anna Lubkowska

Dariusz Chlubek

Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Recent years have seen considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of cancer. For example, more significance is now assigned to the tumor microenvironment, especially with regard to intercellular signaling in the tumor niche which depends on many factors secreted by tumor cells. In addition, great progress has been made in understanding the influence of factors such as neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) on the 'hallmarks of cancer' in glioblastoma multiforme. Therefore, in the present work we describe the influence of these factors on the proliferation and apoptosis of neoplastic cells, cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, migration and invasion, and cancer immune evasion in a glioblastoma multiforme tumor. In particular, we discuss the effect of neurotensin, GDF-15, S1P (including the drug FTY720), and infection with CMV on tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), microglial cells, neutrophil and regulatory T cells (T), on the tumor microenvironment. In order to better understand the role of the aforementioned factors in tumoral processes, we outline the latest models of intratumoral heterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme. Based on the most recent reports, we discuss the problems of multi-drug therapy in treating glioblastoma multiforme.

Citing Articles

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Lan Y, Zhu Y, Chen G, Zhang J J Inflamm Res. 2021; 14:3707-3720.

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