Burning Mouth Syndrome: Aetiopathogenesis and Principles of Management

Overview

Journal Pain Res Manag

Date 2017 Nov 29

PMID 29180911

Citations 32

Authors

L Feller

J Fourie

M Bouckaert

R A G Khammissa

R Ballyram

J Lemmer

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic debilitating oral condition characterised by a burning sensation of the oral mucosa in an otherwise apparently normal person. Its aetiology and pathogenesis are obscure, but both psychogenic factors and peripheral and central neuropathies appear to be implicated. There is no cure for BMS, and treatment with either local or systemic medications focuses on the relief of symptoms and on improving quality of life. In recalcitrant cases, psychological/psychiatric intervention may be helpful. In order to improve treatment outcomes, a better understanding of the pathogenesis of this syndrome might provide a basis for the development of more effective management strategies. In this short review, we discuss current knowledge of the diagnosis, aetiopathogenesis, and management of BMS.

Citing Articles

Comparison of Salivary Opiorphin in Burning Mouth Syndrome and Healthy Subjects and Its Correlation With Psychiatric Disorders.

Dalirsani Z, Amirchaghmaghi M, Semnani M, Talebi M, Hashemy S, Shakeri M Clin Exp Dent Res. 2024; 10(6):e934.

PMID: 39616519 PMC: 11608505. DOI: 10.1002/cre2.934.

The Trigeminal Sensory System and Orofacial Pain.

Kim H, Chung K, Xing J, Kim H, Youn D Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(20).

PMID: 39457088 PMC: 11508441. DOI: 10.3390/ijms252011306.

Potential salivary and serum biomarkers for burning mouth syndrome and their relationship with anxiety/depression.

Zhang Y, Ye S, Zhang Y, Sun H, Zhao X, Shen X J Dent Sci. 2024; 19(2):1052-1060.

PMID: 38618099 PMC: 11010615. DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.06.003.

Is Burning Mouth Syndrome Associated with Extraoral Dryness? A Systematic Review.

Le K, DosSantos M, Gazerani P J Clin Med. 2023; 12(20).

PMID: 37892662 PMC: 10607144. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206525.

Valproate-induced burning mouth syndrome in a male with fibromyalgia and bipolar spectrum disorder.

Raia A, Caruso V, Montalbano C, Migli L, Raia C, Pini S Arch Clin Cases. 2023; 10(3):125-127.

PMID: 37736595 PMC: 10510332. DOI: 10.22551/2023.40.1003.10257.

References

Laklouk M, Baranidharan G . Profile of the capsaicin 8% patch for the management of neuropathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia: safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016; 10:1913-1918. PMC: 5038568. DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S76506. View

Jaaskelainen S . Pathophysiology of primary burning mouth syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011; 123(1):71-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.07.054. View

de Moraes M, Bezerra B, da Rocha Neto P, de Oliveira Soares A, Pereira Pinto L, Costa A . Randomized trials for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: an evidence-based review of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2011; 41(4):281-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01100.x. View

Cui Y, Xu H, Chen F, Liu J, Jiang L, Zhou Y . Efficacy evaluation of clonazepam for symptom remission in burning mouth syndrome: a meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2015; 22(6):503-11. DOI: 10.1111/odi.12422. View

Speciali J, Stuginski-Barbosa J . Burning mouth syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2008; 12(4):279-84. DOI: 10.1007/s11916-008-0047-9. View

Lamey P, Lamb A . Prospective study of aetiological factors in burning mouth syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988; 296(6631):1243-6. PMC: 2545712. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.296.6631.1243. View

Yilmaz Z, Renton T, Yiangou Y, Zakrzewska J, Chessell I, Bountra C . Burning mouth syndrome as a trigeminal small fibre neuropathy: Increased heat and capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in nerve fibres correlates with pain score. J Clin Neurosci. 2007; 14(9):864-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2006.09.002. View

Renton T . Burning Mouth Syndrome. Rev Pain. 2015; 5(4):12-7. PMC: 4590047. DOI: 10.1177/204946371100500403. View

Basbaum A, Bautista D, Scherrer G, Julius D . Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell. 2009; 139(2):267-84. PMC: 2852643. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.028. View

10.

Grushka M, Epstein J, Gorsky M . Burning mouth syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2002; 65(4):615-20. View

11.

Yunus M . Editorial review: an update on central sensitivity syndromes and the issues of nosology and psychobiology. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2015; 11(2):70-85. DOI: 10.2174/157339711102150702112236. View

12.

Kaczkurkin A, Foa E . Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015; 17(3):337-46. PMC: 4610618. View

13.

Abetz L, Savage N . Burning mouth syndrome and psychological disorders. Aust Dent J. 2009; 54(2):84-93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01099.x. View

14.

Scala A, Checchi L, Montevecchi M, Marini I, Giamberardino M . Update on burning mouth syndrome: overview and patient management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003; 14(4):275-91. DOI: 10.1177/154411130301400405. View

15.

Bogetto F, Maina G, Ferro G, Carbone M, Gandolfo S . Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Psychosom Med. 1998; 60(3):378-85. DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199805000-00028. View

16.

Puhakka A, Forssell H, Soinila S, Virtanen A, Roytta M, Laine M . Peripheral nervous system involvement in primary burning mouth syndrome--results of a pilot study. Oral Dis. 2016; 22(4):338-44. DOI: 10.1111/odi.12454. View

17.

Schiavone V, Adamo D, Ventrella G, Morlino M, de Notaris E, Ravel M . Anxiety, depression, and pain in burning mouth syndrome: first chicken or egg?. Headache. 2012; 52(6):1019-25. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02171.x. View

18.

Brailo V, Firic M, Vucicevic Boras V, Andabak Rogulj A, Krstevski I, Alajbeg I . Impact of reassurance on pain perception in patients with primary burning mouth syndrome. Oral Dis. 2016; 22(6):512-6. DOI: 10.1111/odi.12493. View

19.

Grushka M, Epstein J, Mott A . An open-label, dose escalation pilot study of the effect of clonazepam in burning mouth syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998; 86(5):557-61. DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(98)90345-6. View

20.

Tan S, Song E, Dong X, Somvanshi R, Cairns B . Peripheral GABAA receptor activation modulates rat tongue afferent mechanical sensitivity. Arch Oral Biol. 2014; 59(3):251-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.11.015. View