Patterns and Predictors of Recurrence After Open Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer: a Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Overview

Journal World J Urol

Specialty Urology

Date 2017 Nov 18

PMID 29147759

Citations 49

Authors

Andrea Mari

Riccardo Campi

Riccardo Tellini

Giorgio Gandaglia

Simone Albisinni

Mohammad Abufaraj

Georgios Hatzichristodoulou

Francesco Montorsi

Roland van Velthoven

Marco Carini

Andrea Minervini

Shahrokh F Shariat

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Purpose: To review the currently available literature reporting the patterns of recurrence and their predictive factors after open radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer.

Methods: A review of the literature was performed using the MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Sciences databases from January 1997 to May 2017. The PRISMA guidelines were followed for the conduct of the study.

Results: Local recurrence rate ranges between 30 and 54%. Distant recurrence is not often standardized and is reported in up to 50% of cases. The overall 5-year recurrence-free survival rates from 58 to 81%. The mean follow-up of studies included in the analysis ranged from 18 to 350 months. Details on the most important demographic and epidemiological, clinical, histologic and pathologic predictors of recurrence after radical cystectomy are provided through an evidence-based approach. The impact of the extension of lymph node dissection on recurrence after RC is investigated.

Conclusions: A correct prognostic assessment is essential for patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer, thereby potentially improving their oncologic outcomes.

Citing Articles

A histopathological snapshot of bladder cancer: a Johannesburg experience of 1480 histopathology reports.

Jonosky J, Adam A, Wadee R World J Urol. 2025; 43(1):159.

PMID: 40064690 PMC: 11893702. DOI: 10.1007/s00345-025-05540-5.

Urothelial carcinoma metastasis to the appendix as the first manifestation of dissemination after radical cystectomy: A case report.

Nalej P, Kalinowski P, Kuczkiewicz-Siemion O, Adamowicz B, Kalinowski T, Demkow T Oncol Lett. 2025; 29(3):163.

PMID: 39916948 PMC: 11799871. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2025.14909.

Virtual simulator for cystoscopy containing motion blur and bladder debris to aid the development of clinical tools.

Eimen R, Scarpato K, Bowden A Biomed Opt Express. 2024; 15(11):6228-6241.

PMID: 39553885 PMC: 11563326. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.539741.

Inhibition of KDM4A restricts SQLE transcription and induces oxidative stress imbalance to suppress bladder cancer.

Zhang J, Xu H, He Y, Zheng X, Lin T, Yang L Redox Biol. 2024; 77:103407.

PMID: 39461328 PMC: 11543538. DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103407.

Risk analysis of enfortumab vedotin: A real-world approach based on the FAERS database.

Zheng F, Du Y, Yuan Y, Wang Z, Li S, Xiong S Heliyon. 2024; 10(18):e37544.

PMID: 39309793 PMC: 11415710. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37544.

References

Tracey E, Roder D, Luke C, Bishop J . Bladder cancer survivals in New South Wales, Australia: why do women have poorer survival than men?. BJU Int. 2009; 104(4):498-504. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08527.x. View

Moschini M, Suardi N, Pellucchi F, Rocchini L, La Croce G, Capitanio U . Impact of preoperative thrombocytosis on pathological outcomes and survival in patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2014; 34(6):3225-30. View

Fairey A, Daneshmand S, Wang L, Schuckman A, Lieskovsky G, Djaladat H . Impact of micropapillary urothelial carcinoma variant histology on survival after radical cystectomy. Urol Oncol. 2013; 32(2):110-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.04.020. View

Di Trapani E, Sanchez-Salas R, Gandaglia G, Rocchini L, Moschini M, Lizee D . A nomogram predicting the cancer-specific mortality in patients eligible for radical cystectomy evaluating clinical data and neoadjuvant cisplatinum-based chemotherapy. World J Urol. 2015; 34(2):207-13. DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1640-2. View

Zargar-Shoshtari K, Sverrisson E, Sharma P, Gupta S, Poch M, Pow-Sang J . Clinical Outcomes After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radical Cystectomy in the Presence of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder With Squamous or Glandular Differentiation. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2015; 14(1):82-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2015.08.006. View

Nuhn P, Bastian P, Novara G, Svatek R, Karakiewicz P, Skinner E . Concomitant carcinoma in situ in cystectomy specimens is not associated with clinical outcomes after surgery. Urol Int. 2011; 87(1):42-8. DOI: 10.1159/000325463. View

Liu J, Dai Y, Zhou F, Long Z, Li Y, Liu B . The prognostic role of preoperative serum albumin/globulin ratio in patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma undergoing radical cystectomy. Urol Oncol. 2016; 34(11):484.e1-484.e8. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.05.024. View

Moschini M, Soria F, Klatte T, Wirth G, Ozsoy M, Gust K . Validation of Preoperative Risk Grouping of the Selection of Patients Most Likely to Benefit From Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Before Radical Cystectomy. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2016; 15(2):e267-e273. DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2016.07.014. View

Nielsen M, Shariat S, Karakiewicz P, Lotan Y, Rogers C, Amiel G . Advanced age is associated with poorer bladder cancer-specific survival in patients treated with radical cystectomy. Eur Urol. 2006; 51(3):699-706. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.004. View

10.

Herr H, Lee C, Chang S, Lerner S . Standardization of radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for bladder cancer: a collaborative group report. J Urol. 2004; 171(5):1823-8. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000120289.78049.0e. View

11.

Simone G, Bianchi M, Giannarelli D, Daneshmand S, Papalia R, Ferriero M . Development and external validation of nomograms predicting disease-free and cancer-specific survival after radical cystectomy. World J Urol. 2014; 33(10):1419-28. PMC: 7473822. DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1465-4. View

12.

Rieken M, Xylinas E, Kluth L, Crivelli J, Chrystal J, Faison T . Effect of diabetes mellitus and metformin use on oncologic outcomes of patients treated with radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol. 2013; 32(1):49.e7-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.07.006. View

13.

Dabi Y, Rouscoff Y, Anract J, Barry Delongchamps N, Sibony M, Saighi D . Impact of body mass index on the oncological outcomes of patients treated with radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol. 2016; 35(2):229-235. DOI: 10.1007/s00345-016-1852-0. View

14.

Witjes J, Lebret T, Comperat E, Cowan N, De Santis M, Bruins H . Updated 2016 EAU Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol. 2016; 71(3):462-475. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.020. View

15.

Rink M, Zabor E, Furberg H, Xylinas E, Ehdaie B, Novara G . Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on outcomes in bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy. Eur Urol. 2012; 64(3):456-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.11.039. View

16.

Engel O, Soave A, Peine S, Kluth L, Schmid M, Shariat S . The impact of the AB0 and the Rhesus blood group system on outcomes in bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy. World J Urol. 2015; 33(11):1769-76. DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1531-6. View

17.

Horovitz D, Turker P, Bostrom P, Mirtti T, Nurmi M, Kuk C . Does patient age affect survival after radical cystectomy?. BJU Int. 2012; 110(11 Pt B):E486-93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11180.x. View

18.

Soave A, Schmidt S, Dahlem R, Minner S, Engel O, Kluth L . Does the extent of variant histology affect oncological outcomes in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy?. Urol Oncol. 2014; 33(1):21.e1-21.e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.10.013. View

19.

Bostrom P, Alkhateeb S, Trottier G, Athanasopoulos P, Mirtti T, Kortekangas H . Sex differences in bladder cancer outcomes among smokers with advanced bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2011; 109(1):70-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10371.x. View

20.

Milowsky M, Rumble R, Booth C, Gilligan T, Eapen L, Hauke R . Guideline on Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer (European Association of Urology Guideline): American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement. J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34(16):1945-52. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.65.9797. View