Auranofin, EtPAuCl, and EtPAuI Are Highly Cytotoxic on Colorectal Cancer Cells: A Chemical and Biological Study

The solution behavior of auranofin, EtPAuCl  and EtPAuI, as well as their interactions with hen egg white lysozyme, single strand oligonucleotide, and ds-DNA were comparatively analyzed through NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, ethidium bromide displacement, DNA melting and viscometric tests. The cytotoxic effects toward representative colorectal cancer cell lines were found to be strong and similar in the three cases and a good correlation could be established between the cytotoxicity and the ability to inhibit thioredoxin reductase; remarkably, acute toxicity experiments for EtPAuI confirmed that, similarly to auranofin, this drug is well tolerated in a murine model. Overall, a very similar profile emerges for EtPAuI and EtPAuCl, which retain the potent cytotoxic effects of auranofin while showing some peculiar features. These results demonstrate that the presence of the thiosugar moiety is not mandatory for the pharmacological action, suggesting that the tuning of some relevant chemical properties such as lipophilicity could be exploited to improve bioavailability, with no loss of the pharmacological effects.