Oxidative Stress Promotes SIRT1 Recruitment to the GADD34/PP1α Complex to Activate Its Deacetylase Function

Phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF2α, by stress-activated protein kinases and dephosphorylation by the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34)-containing phosphatase is a central node in the integrated stress response. Mass spectrometry demonstrated GADD34 acetylation at multiple lysines. Substituting K and K with alanines or glutamines did not impair GADD34's ability to recruit protein phosphatase 1α (PP1α) or eIF2α, suggesting that GADD34 acetylation did not modulate eIF2α phosphatase activity. Arsenite (Ars)-induced oxidative stress increased cellular GADD34 levels and enhanced Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) recruitment to assemble a cytoplasmic complex containing GADD34, PP1α, eIF2α and SIRT1. Induction of GADD34 in WT MEFs paralleled the dephosphorylation of eIF2α (phosphoserine-51) and SIRT1 (phosphoserine-47). By comparison, eIF2α and SIRT1 were persistently phosphorylated in Ars-treated GADD34-/- MEFs. Expressing WT GADD34, but not a mutant unable to bind PP1α in GADD34-/- MEFs restored both eIF2α and SIRT1 dephosphorylation. SIRT1 dephosphorylation increased its deacetylase activity, measured in vitro and in cells. Loss of function of GADD34 or SIRT1 enhanced cellular p-eIF2α levels and attenuated cell death following Ars exposure. These results highlighted a novel role for the GADD34/PP1α complex in coordinating the dephosphorylation and reactivation of eIF2α and SIRT1 to determine cell fate following oxidative stress.