Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus of the Rat: Cytoarchitecture, Cytochemistry, and Some Extrapyramidal Connections of the Mesopontine Tegmentum

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTn) was originally defined on cytoarchitectonic grounds in humans. We have employed cytoarchitectonic, cytochemical, and connectional criteria to define a homologous cell group in the rat. A detailed cytoarchitectonic delineation of the mesopontine tegmentum, including the PPTn, was performed employing tissue stained for Nissl substance. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostained tissue was then analyzed in order to investigate the relationship of cholinergic perikarya, dendritic arborizations, and axonal trajectories within this cytoarchitectonic scheme. To confirm some of our cytoarchitectonic delineations, the relationships between neuronal elements staining for ChAT and tyrosine hydroxylase were investigated on tissue stained immunohistochemically for the simultaneous demonstration of these two enzymes. The PPTn consists of large, multipolar neurons, all of which stain immunohistochemically for ChAT. It is present within cross-sections that also include the A-6 through A-9 catecholamine cell groups and is traversed by catecholaminergic axons within the dorsal tegmental bundle and central tegmental tract. The dendrites of PPTn neurons respect several nuclear boundaries and are oriented perpendicularly to several well-defined fiber tracts. Cholinergic axons ascend from the mesopontine tegmentum through the dorsal tegmental bundle and a more lateral dorsal ascending pathway. A portion of the latter terminates within the lateral geniculate nucleus. It has been widely believed that the PPTn is reciprocally connected with several extrapyramidal structures, including the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Therefore, the relationships of pallidotegmental and nigrotegmental pathways to the PPTn were investigated employing the anterograde autoradiographic methodology. The reciprocity of tegmental connections with the substantia nigra and entopeduncular nucleus was investigated employing combined WGA-HRP injections and ChAT immunohistochemistry. The pallido- and nigrotegmental terminal fields did not coincide with the PPTn, but, rather, were located just medial and dorsomedial to it (the midbrain extrapyramidal area). The midbrain extrapyramidal area, but not the PPTn, was reciprocally connected with the substantia nigra and entopeduncular nucleus. We discuss these results in light of other cytoarchitectonic, cytochemical, connectional, and physiologic studies of the functional anatomy of the mesopontine tegmentum.