Chloroquine Efficacy for Plasmodium Vivax in Myanmar in Populations with High Genetic Diversity and Moderate Parasite Gene Flow

Overview

Journal Malar J

Publisher Biomed Central

Specialty Tropical Medicine

Date 2017 Jul 12

PMID 28693552

Citations 22

Authors

Myo Win Htun

Nan Cho Nwe Mon

Khin Myo Aye

Chan Myae Hlaing

Myat Phone Kyaw

Irene Handayuni

Hidayat Trimarsanto

Dorina Bustos

Pascal Ringwald

Ric N Price

Sarah Auburn

Kamala Thriemer

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Plasmodium vivax malaria remains a major public health burden in Myanmar. Resistance to chloroquine (CQ), the first-line treatment for P. vivax, has been reported in the country and has potential to undermine local control efforts.

Methods: Patients over 6 years of age with uncomplicated P. vivax mono-infection were enrolled into clinical efficacy studies in Myawaddy in 2014 and Kawthoung in 2012. Study participants received a standard dose of CQ (25 mg/kg over 3 days) followed by weekly review until day 28. Pvmdr1 copy number (CN) and microsatellite diversity were assessed on samples from the patients enrolled in the clinical study and additional cross-sectional surveys undertaken in Myawaddy and Shwegyin in 2012.

Results: A total of 85 patients were enrolled in the CQ clinical studies, 25 in Myawaddy and 60 in Kawthoung. One patient in Myawaddy (1.2%) had an early treatment failure and two patients (2.3%) in Kawthoung presented with late treatment failures on day 28. The day 28 efficacy was 92.0% (95% CI 71.6-97.9) in Myawaddy and 98.3% (95% CI 88.7-99.8) in Kawthoung. By day 2, 92.2% (23/25) in Myawaddy and 85.0% (51/60) in Kawthoung were aparasitaemic. Genotyping and pvmdr1 CN assessment was undertaken on 43, 52 and 46 clinical isolates from Myawaddy, Kawthoung and Shwegyin respectively. Pvmdr1 amplification was observed in 3.2% (1/31) of isolates in Myawaddy, 0% (0/49) in Kawthoung and 2.5% (1/40) in Shwegyin. Diversity was high in all sites (H 0.855-0.876), with low inter-population differentiation (F 0.016-0.026, P < 0.05).

Conclusions: Treatment failures after chloroquine were observed following chloroquine monotherapy, with pvmdr1 amplification present in both Myawaddy and Shwegyin. The results emphasize the importance of ongoing P. vivax drug resistance surveillance in Myanmar, particularly given the potential connectivity between parasite population at different sites.

Citing Articles

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Malla P, Wang Z, Brashear A, Yang Z, Lo E, Baird K J Infect Dis. 2023; 229(5):1557-1564.

PMID: 38041857 PMC: 11095535. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad552.

Special Issue: "Parasitic Infection and Host Immunity": Editorial.

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PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genotyping reveals higher genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax parasites from migrant workers than residents at the China-Myanmar border.

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Multidisciplinary Investigations of Sustained Malaria Transmission in the Greater Mekong Subregion.

Cui L, Sattabongkot J, Aung P, Brashear A, Cao Y, Kaewkungwal J Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022; 107(4_Suppl):138-151.

PMID: 36228909 PMC: 9662214. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1267.

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