Peripartum Cytokine Flares in a Multiethnic Cohort of Chronic Hepatitis B Carriers Does Not Correlate with Hepatitis B Virus Suppression or Increased Risk of Liver Disease

Problem: In chronic hepatitis B (CHB) carriers, alanine transaminase (ALT) flares are common in the peripartum period. There are limited data on immunological changes of pregnancy in CHB. We hypothesize that in pregnant CHB carriers, the Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio is altered resulting in changes in biochemical/virological and liver fibrosis markers.

Study Methods: Serum from 38 pregnant/post-partum CHB carriers (median age 32 years, 53% Asian, 8 HBeAg ) was tested for HBV DNA, quantitative HBV surface antigen, ALT and liver fibrosis by transient elastography (TE). Serum cytokines were analyzed using a Luminex assay.

Results: Untreated CHB cases had mild ALT flares post-partum, but showed normal TE, and no change in viral markers despite increased Th1 cytokines compared to healthy controls (P<.05).

Conclusion: CHB carriers show increased Th1 cytokines in the peripartum period albeit with no effect on viral load or liver disease suggesting an aborted antiviral immune response.