Understanding the Mechanisms of Recovery And/or Compensation Following Injury

Overview

Journal Neural Plast

Specialty Neurology

Date 2017 May 18

PMID 28512585

Citations 35

Authors

Michael J Hylin

Abigail L Kerr

Ryan Holden

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Injury due to stroke and traumatic brain injury result in significant long-term effects upon behavioral functioning. One central question to rehabilitation research is whether the nature of behavioral improvement observed is due to recovery or the development of compensatory mechanisms. The nature of functional improvement can be viewed from the perspective of behavioral changes or changes in neuroanatomical plasticity that follows. Research suggests that these changes correspond to each other in a bidirectional manner. Mechanisms surrounding phenomena like neural plasticity may offer an opportunity to explain how variables such as experience can impact improvement and influence the definition of recovery. What is more, the intensity of the rehabilitative experiences may influence the ability to recover function and support functional improvement of behavior. All of this impacts how researchers, clinicians, and medical professionals utilize rehabilitation.

Citing Articles

Examining the effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on cognitive functions and functional brain markers in aged mice.

Hadzibegovic S, Nicole O, Andelkovic V, de Gannes F, Hurtier A, Lagroye I Sci Rep. 2025; 15(1):8365.

PMID: 40069380 PMC: 11897315. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-93230-y.

The Influence of Strength and Skill Parameters on the Evolution of Dysphagia Post Stroke: A Prospective Study.

Girod-Roux M, Guiu Hernandez E, Ng K, Macrae P, Huckabee M Dysphagia. 2024; .

PMID: 39708081 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-024-10796-x.

Evaluating inter- and intra-rater reliability in assessing upper limb compensatory movements post-stroke: creating a ground truth through video analysis?.

Sauerzopf L, Panduro C, Luft A, Kuhnis B, Gavagnin E, Unger T J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2024; 21(1):217.

PMID: 39702329 PMC: 11660698. DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01506-7.

Drivers of resting-state fMRI heterogeneity in traumatic brain injury across injury characteristics and imaging methods: a systematic review and semiquantitative analysis.

Kashou A, Frees D, Kang K, Parks C, Harralson H, Fischer J Front Neurol. 2024; 15:1487796.

PMID: 39664747 PMC: 11631856. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1487796.

A systematic scoping review of the multifaceted role of phoenixin in metabolism: insights from and studies.

Muzammil A, Barathan M, Yazid M, Sulaiman N, Makpol S, Mohamed Ibrahim N Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024; 15:1406531.

PMID: 39398330 PMC: 11466790. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1406531.

References

Hsu J, Jones T . Time-sensitive enhancement of motor learning with the less-affected forelimb after unilateral sensorimotor cortex lesions in rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2005; 22(8):2069-80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04370.x. View

Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz M . Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci. 1999; 22(9):391-7. DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01401-0. View

Castro-Alamancos M, Borrel J . Functional recovery of forelimb response capacity after forelimb primary motor cortex damage in the rat is due to the reorganization of adjacent areas of cortex. Neuroscience. 1995; 68(3):793-805. DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00178-l. View

Buma F, Raemaekers M, Kwakkel G, Ramsey N . Brain Function and Upper Limb Outcome in Stroke: A Cross-Sectional fMRI Study. PLoS One. 2015; 10(10):e0139746. PMC: 4595281. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139746. View

Kim S, Allred R, Adkins D, Tennant K, Donlan N, Kleim J . Experience with the "good" limb induces aberrant synaptic plasticity in the perilesion cortex after stroke. J Neurosci. 2015; 35(22):8604-10. PMC: 4452558. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0829-15.2015. View

Luke L, Allred R, Jones T . Unilateral ischemic sensorimotor cortical damage induces contralesional synaptogenesis and enhances skilled reaching with the ipsilateral forelimb in adult male rats. Synapse. 2004; 54(4):187-99. DOI: 10.1002/syn.20080. View

Smith J, Lunga P, Story D, Harris N, Le Belle J, James M . Inosine promotes recovery of skilled motor function in a model of focal brain injury. Brain. 2007; 130(Pt 4):915-25. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awl393. View

Schneider E, Sur S, Raymont V, Duckworth J, Kowalski R, Efron D . Functional recovery after moderate/severe traumatic brain injury: a role for cognitive reserve?. Neurology. 2014; 82(18):1636-42. PMC: 4211893. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000379. View

Langhorne P, Bernhardt J, Kwakkel G . Stroke rehabilitation. Lancet. 2011; 377(9778):1693-702. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60325-5. View

10.

Pollock A, Baer G, Pomeroy V, Langhorne P . Physiotherapy treatment approaches for the recovery of postural control and lower limb function following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (1):CD001920. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001920.pub2. View

11.

Dancause N, Barbay S, Frost S, Plautz E, Popescu M, Dixon P . Topographically divergent and convergent connectivity between premotor and primary motor cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2005; 16(8):1057-68. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhj049. View

12.

Zhao S, Zhao Y, Xiao T, Zhao M, Jolkkonen J, Zhao C . Increased neurogenesis contributes to the promoted behavioral recovery by constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke in adult rats. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2013; 19(3):194-6. PMC: 6493515. DOI: 10.1111/cns.12058. View

13.

Harris N, Mironova Y, Hovda D, Sutton R . Pericontusion axon sprouting is spatially and temporally consistent with a growth-permissive environment after traumatic brain injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2010; 69(2):139-54. PMC: 2821052. DOI: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181cb5bee. View

14.

Choi D, Rothman S . The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1990; 13:171-82. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.001131. View

15.

Nakase-Richardson R, Whyte J, Giacino J, Pavawalla S, Barnett S, Yablon S . Longitudinal outcome of patients with disordered consciousness in the NIDRR TBI Model Systems Programs. J Neurotrauma. 2011; 29(1):59-65. DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1829. View

16.

Whishaw I, Pellis S, Gorny B, Pellis V . The impairments in reaching and the movements of compensation in rats with motor cortex lesions: an endpoint, videorecording, and movement notation analysis. Behav Brain Res. 1991; 42(1):77-91. DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80042-7. View

17.

Steward O, Vinsant S, Davis L . The process of reinnervation in the dentate gyrus of adult rats: an ultrastructural study of changes in presynaptic terminals as a result of sprouting. J Comp Neurol. 1988; 267(2):203-10. DOI: 10.1002/cne.902670205. View

18.

Nudo R, Milliken G, Jenkins W, Merzenich M . Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurosci. 1996; 16(2):785-807. PMC: 6578638. View

19.

Carmichael S . The 3 Rs of Stroke Biology: Radial, Relayed, and Regenerative. Neurotherapeutics. 2015; 13(2):348-59. PMC: 4824028. DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0408-0. View

20.

Barbay S, Plautz E, Friel K, Frost S, Dancause N, Stowe A . Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of delayed training following a small ischemic infarct in primary motor cortex of squirrel monkeys. Exp Brain Res. 2005; 169(1):106-16. PMC: 2740647. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-0129-4. View