Determining Normal Values of Urinary Phosphorus Excretion in 3913 Healthy Children Aged 2-18 to Aid Early Diagnosis and Treatment for Urolithiasis

Aim: This study determined the specific reference values for urinary phosphorus excretion in healthy children and adolescents aged 2-18 years and evaluated whether they changed with age during growth and were gender dependent.

Methods: We enrolled 3913 healthy children and adolescents aged 2-18 years to this study. The study population was divided into age groups, and the analysis was performed in one-year periods, separately for boys and girls. Urinary phosphorus excretion was analysed using four categories: P1 in mmol/24 hour units, P2 in mmol/kg/24 hours, P3 in mmol/1.73 m /24 hours and P4 in mmol/mmol creatinine.

Results: Clear differences in urinary exertion for girls and boys were observed as well as systematic changes with age. The boys presented with significantly higher daily urinary phosphorus excretion independent of its manner of expression (p < 0.001). The median urinary phosphorus (P1) rose with age (p < 0.001). Percentile tables of phosphorous exertion are presented.

Conclusion: This was the largest study of urinary phosphate excretion based on a randomly selected sample of girls and boys aged 2-18 years. It highlights the importance of determining phosphorus reference values for children of different ages to provide early diagnosis and treatment for urolithiasis.