Delineating Characteristics of Maladaptive Repetitive Thought: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Perseverative Cognitions Questionnaire

Overview

Journal Assessment

Publisher Sage Publications

Specialties Psychiatry
Psychology

Date 2017 Mar 31

PMID 28355881

Citations 18

Authors

Lauren E Szkodny

Michelle G Newman

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Worry, rumination, and obsessive thinking are theorized to differ on temporal orientation, positive perceived function, degree of intrusiveness, and discordance with one's self-concept. However, prior findings with respect to such differences may be due to method variance of the measures used and/or inclusion of items confounded by diagnostic symptoms. Accurately capturing differences between types of perseverative thought linked to psychopathology and understanding whether such aspects are common across disorders or specific to some may be important to designing effective treatments for them. Two studies are presented detailing the development and validation of the (PCQ). The PCQ is a 45-item self-report measure that assesses six dimensional characteristics of worry, rumination, and obsessive thinking previously found to discriminate these thought styles: , , , , , and . Factor structure of the PCQ was established using principal components, exploratory factor, and confirmatory factor analyses. PCQ scales exhibited differential convergence with measures of perseverative thought and psychopathology. The PCQ also demonstrated acceptable retest correlations across 1- and 2-week periods, and incremental validity when predicting symptoms of anxiety, depression, and obsessive compulsive disorder.

Citing Articles

Perseverative cognitions, negative valence systems, positive valence systems, social disconnection, and suicide: testing a mediator model among university students.

Daneshvar S, Mohammadi Bytamar J, Dehbozorgi S, Pourmohammad P, Zeraatpisheh Z, Jobson L BMC Psychol. 2025; 13(1):215.

PMID: 40055841 PMC: 11889903. DOI: 10.1186/s40359-025-02550-1.

Emotion regulation use in daily-life and its association with success of emotion-regulation, self-efficacy, stress, and state rumination.

Int-Veen I, Volz M, Kroczek A, Fallgatter A, Ehlis A, Rubel J Front Psychol. 2024; 15:1400223.

PMID: 39502151 PMC: 11534797. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1400223.

Treatment as a moderator and executive function as a mediator of the effect of a mindfulness ecological momentary intervention for generalized anxiety disorder.

Zainal N, Newman M Psychol Med. 2024; :1-14.

PMID: 39402796 PMC: 11536110. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001958.

Development and validation of experimental induction tasks for worry and rumination: A comparison of scripted and personalized approaches.

Kim H, Newman M Res Sq. 2024; .

PMID: 39399680 PMC: 11469516. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5139533/v1.

Treatment condition as a moderator and change in trait mindfulness as a mediator of a brief mindfulness ecological momentary intervention for generalized anxiety disorder.

Zainal N, Newman M Eur Psychiatry. 2024; 67(1):e40.

PMID: 38711385 PMC: 11363003. DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1750.

References

Trapnell P, Campbell J . Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: distinguishing rumination from reflection. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999; 76(2):284-304. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.284. View

Langlois F, Freeston M, Ladouceur R . Differences and similarities between obsessive intrusive thoughts and worry in a non-clinical population: study 1. Behav Res Ther. 2000; 38(2):157-73. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00027-3. View

. Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory. Behav Res Ther. 2001; 39(8):987-1006. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1. View

. Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory: Part I. Behav Res Ther. 2003; 41(8):863-78. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00099-2. View

Tallis F, Silva P . Worry and obsessional symptoms: a correlational analysis. Behav Res Ther. 1992; 30(2):103-5. DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(92)90132-z. View

Mataix-Cols D, do Rosario-Campos M, Leckman J . A multidimensional model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162(2):228-38. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.228. View

Watkins E, Moulds M, Mackintosh B . Comparisons between rumination and worry in a non-clinical population. Behav Res Ther. 2005; 43(12):1577-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.008. View

MacCallum R, Roznowski M, Necowitz L . Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: the problem of capitalization on chance. Psychol Bull. 1992; 111(3):490-504. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.111.3.490. View

. Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretation of intrusions inventory--Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behav Res Ther. 2005; 43(11):1527-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.010. View

10.

McEvoy P, Kingsep P . The post-event processing questionnaire in a clinical sample with social phobia. Behav Res Ther. 2006; 44(11):1689-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.005. View

11.

Wu K, Watson D, Clark L . A self-report version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist: psychometric properties of factor-based scales in three samples. J Anxiety Disord. 2006; 21(5):644-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.10.003. View

12.

Nolen-Hoeksema S . Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991; 100(4):569-82. DOI: 10.1037//0021-843x.100.4.569. View

13.

Watson D, OHara M, Simms L, Kotov R, Chmielewski M, McDade-Montez E . Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS). Psychol Assess. 2007; 19(3):253-68. DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.253. View

14.

Watkins E . Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychol Bull. 2008; 134(2):163-206. PMC: 2672052. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163. View

15.

Nolen-Hoeksema S, Morrow J . A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991; 61(1):115-21. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.61.1.115. View

16.

Chmielewski M, Watson D . What is being assessed and why it matters: the impact of transient error on trait research. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009; 97(1):186-202. DOI: 10.1037/a0015618. View

17.

McEvoy P, Mahoney A, Moulds M . Are worry, rumination, and post-event processing one and the same? Development of the repetitive thinking questionnaire. J Anxiety Disord. 2010; 24(5):509-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.03.008. View

18.

Mathews A . Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behav Res Ther. 1990; 28(6):455-68. DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90132-3. View

19.

Meyer T, Miller M, Metzger R, Borkovec T . Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behav Res Ther. 1990; 28(6):487-95. DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6. View

20.

Ehring T, Zetsche U, Weidacker K, Wahl K, Schonfeld S, Ehlers A . The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2011; 42(2):225-32. PMC: 3042595. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.003. View