Reduced PU.1 Expression Underlies Aberrant Neutrophil Maturation and Function in β-thalassemia Mice and Patients

β-Thalassemia is associated with several abnormalities of the innate immune system. Neutrophils in particular are defective, predisposing patients to life-threatening bacterial infections. The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in impaired neutrophil function remain incompletely defined. We used the Hbb β-thalassemia mouse and hemoglobin E (HbE)/β-thalassemia patients to investigate dysregulated neutrophil activity. Mature neutrophils from Hbb mice displayed a significant reduction in chemotaxis, opsonophagocytosis, and production of reactive oxygen species, closely mimicking the defective immune functions observed in β-thalassemia patients. In Hbb mice, the expression of neutrophil CXCR2, CD11b, and reduced NAD phosphate oxidase components (p22phox, p67phox, and gp91phox) were significantly reduced. Morphological analysis of Hbb neutrophils showed that a large percentage of mature phenotype neutrophils (Ly6GLy6C) appeared as band form cells, and a striking expansion of immature (Ly6GLy6C) hyposegmented neutrophils, consisting mainly of myelocytes and metamyelocytes, was noted. Intriguingly, expression of an essential mediator of neutrophil terminal differentiation, the ets transcription factor PU.1, was significantly decreased in Hbb neutrophils. In addition, in vivo infection with failed to induce PU.1 expression or upregulate neutrophil effector functions in Hbb mice. Similar changes to neutrophil morphology and PU.1 expression were observed in splenectomized and nonsplenectomized HbE/β-thalassemia patients. This study provides a mechanistic insight into defective neutrophil maturation in β-thalassemia patients, which contributes to deficiencies in neutrophil effector functions.