Host Immune Evasion by Lyme and Relapsing Fever Borreliae: Findings to Lead Future Studies for

Overview

Journal Front Immunol

Specialty Allergy & Immunology

Date 2017 Feb 4

PMID 28154563

Citations 17

Authors

Brandee L Stone

Catherine A Brissette

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The emerging pathogen, , is a relapsing fever spirochete vectored by the same species of ticks that carry the causative agents of Lyme disease in the US, Europe, and Asia. Symptoms caused by infection with are similar to a relapsing fever infection. However, has adapted to different vectors and reservoirs, which could result in unique physiology, including immune evasion mechanisms. Lyme utilize a combination of -produced inhibitors and native proteins [i.e., factor H-binding proteins (FHBPs)/complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins, p43, BBK32, BGA66, BGA71, CD59-like protein] to inhibit complement, while some relapsing fever spirochetes use C4b-binding protein and likely -produced inhibitors. To evade the humoral response, utilize antigenic variation of either outer surface proteins (Osps) and the Vmp-like sequences (Vls) system (Lyme borreliae) or variable membrane proteins (Vmps, relapsing fever borreliae). possesses putative FHBPs and antigenic variation of Vmps has been demonstrated. This review summarizes and compares the common mechanisms utilized by Lyme and relapsing fever spirochetes, as well as the current state of understanding immune evasion by .

Citing Articles

New Epitopes for the Serodiagnosis of Human Borreliosis.

Alcon-Chino M, Bonoldi V, Pereira R, Gazeta G, Carvalho J, Napoleao-Pego P Microorganisms. 2024; 12(11).

PMID: 39597601 PMC: 11596413. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12112212.

Combining short- and long-read sequencing unveils geographically structured diversity in .

Hoornstra D, Kuleshov K, Fingerle V, Hepner S, Wagemakers A, Strube C iScience. 2024; 27(9):110616.

PMID: 39262806 PMC: 11388275. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110616.

Characteristics of Hard Tick Relapsing Fever Caused by Borrelia miyamotoi, United States, 2013-2019.

McCormick D, Brown C, Bjork J, Cervantes K, Esponda-Morrison B, Garrett J Emerg Infect Dis. 2023; 29(9).

PMID: 37610298 PMC: 10461660. DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.221912.

"Conformational dynamics of C1r inhibitor proteins from Lyme disease and relapsing fever spirochetes".

Roy S, Booth Jr C, Powell-Pierce A, Schulz A, Skare J, Garcia B bioRxiv. 2023; .

PMID: 36909632 PMC: 10002728. DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530473.

The arginine deaminase system plays distinct roles in Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia hermsii.

Richards C, Raffel S, Bontemps-Gallo S, Dulebohn D, Herbert T, Gherardini F PLoS Pathog. 2022; 18(3):e1010370.

PMID: 35286343 PMC: 8947608. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010370.

References

Hamer S, Hickling G, Walker E, Tsao J . Increased diversity of zoonotic pathogens and Borrelia burgdorferi strains in established versus incipient Ixodes scapularis populations across the Midwestern United States. Infect Genet Evol. 2014; 27:531-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.003. View

Skotarczak B, Wodecka B, Rymaszewska A, Adamska M . Molecular evidence for bacterial pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks infesting Shetland ponies. Exp Appl Acarol. 2016; 69(2):179-89. PMC: 4844639. DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0027-4. View

Crowder C, Carolan H, Rounds M, Honig V, Mothes B, Haag H . Prevalence of Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodes ticks in Europe and the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014; 20(10):1678-82. PMC: 4193165. DOI: 10.3201/eid2010.131583. View

Edwards M, Barbalato L, Makkapati A, Pham K, Bugbee L . Relatively low prevalence of Babesia microti and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015; 6(6):812-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.07.009. View

Tyson K, Elkins C, de Silva A . A novel mechanism of complement inhibition unmasked by a tick salivary protein that binds to properdin. J Immunol. 2008; 180(6):3964-8. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3964. View

Wagemakers A, Koetsveld J, Narasimhan S, Wickel M, DePonte K, Bleijlevens B . Variable Major Proteins as Targets for Specific Antibodies against Borrelia miyamotoi. J Immunol. 2016; 196(10):4185-95. PMC: 5008243. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600014. View

Brade V, Kleber I, Acker G . Differences of two Borrelia burgdorferi strains in complement activation and serum resistance. Immunobiology. 1992; 185(5):453-65. DOI: 10.1016/S0171-2985(11)80087-2. View

Brenner C, Bomans K, Habicht J, Simon M, Wallich R . Mapping the ligand-binding region of Borrelia hermsii fibronectin-binding protein. PLoS One. 2013; 8(5):e63437. PMC: 3642150. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063437. View

Stanek G, Reiter M . The expanding Lyme Borrelia complex--clinical significance of genomic species?. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17(4):487-93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03492.x. View

10.

Barbour A, Maupin G, Teltow G, Carter C, Piesman J . Identification of an uncultivable Borrelia species in the hard tick Amblyomma americanum: possible agent of a Lyme disease-like illness. J Infect Dis. 1996; 173(2):403-9. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/173.2.403. View

11.

Barthold S, Beck D, Hansen G, Terwilliger G, Moody K . Lyme borreliosis in selected strains and ages of laboratory mice. J Infect Dis. 1990; 162(1):133-8. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/162.1.133. View

12.

Rossmann E, Kraiczy P, Herzberger P, Skerka C, Kirschfink M, Simon M . Dual binding specificity of a Borrelia hermsii-associated complement regulator-acquiring surface protein for factor H and plasminogen discloses a putative virulence factor of relapsing fever spirochetes. J Immunol. 2007; 178(11):7292-301. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7292. View

13.

Wodecka B, Michalik J, Lane R, Nowak-Chmura M, Wierzbicka A . Differential associations of Borrelia species with European badgers (Meles meles) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in western Poland. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016; 7(5):1010-1016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.05.008. View

14.

Lawrie C, Sim R, Nuttall P . Investigation of the mechanisms of anti-complement activity in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Mol Immunol. 2004; 42(1):31-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.001. View

15.

Marchal C, Schramm F, Kern A, Luft B, Yang X, Schuijt T . Antialarmin effect of tick saliva during the transmission of Lyme disease. Infect Immun. 2010; 79(2):774-85. PMC: 3028856. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00482-10. View

16.

Tadin A, Tokarz R, Markotic A, Margaletic J, Turk N, Habus J . Molecular Survey of Zoonotic Agents in Rodents and Other Small Mammals in Croatia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015; 94(2):466-73. PMC: 4751941. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0517. View

17.

Szekeres S, Coipan E, Rigo K, Majoros G, Jahfari S, Sprong H . Eco-epidemiology of Borrelia miyamotoi and Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in a popular hunting and recreational forest area in Hungary. Parasit Vectors. 2015; 8:309. PMC: 4458039. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0922-2. View

18.

Nunes M, Parreira R, Lopes N, Maia C, Carreira T, Sousa C . Molecular Identification of Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodes ricinus from Portugal. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015; 15(8):515-7. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1765. View

19.

Scoles G, Papero M, Beati L, Fish D . A relapsing fever group spirochete transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2003; 1(1):21-34. DOI: 10.1089/153036601750137624. View

20.

Kraiczy P, Hunfeld K, Breitner-Ruddock S, Wurzner R, Acker G, Brade V . Comparison of two laboratory methods for the determination of serum resistance in Borrelia burgdorferi isolates. Immunobiology. 2000; 201(3-4):406-19. DOI: 10.1016/S0171-2985(00)80094-7. View