Mild Binding of Protein to C N Monolayer Reveals Its Suitable Biocompatibility

The development of biocompatible nanomaterials for smart drug delivery and bioimaging has attracted great interest in recent years in biomedical fields. Here, the interaction between the recently reported nitrogenated graphene (C N) and a prototypical protein (villin headpiece HP35) utilizing atomistic molecular dynamics simulations is studied. The simulations reveal that HP35 can form a stable binding with the C N monolayer. Although the C N-HP35 attractive interactions are constantly preserved, the binding strength between C N and the protein is mild and does not cause significant distortion in the protein's structural integrity. This intrinsic biofriendly property of native C N is distinct from several widely studied nanomaterials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and MoS , which can induce severe protein denaturation. Interestingly, once the protein is adsorbed onto C N surface, its transverse migration is highly restricted at the binding sites. This restriction is orchestrated by C N's periodic porous structure with negatively charged "holes," where the basic residues-such as lysine-can form stable interactions, thus functioning as "anchor points" in confining the protein displacement. It is suggested that the mild, immobilized protein attraction and biofriendly aspects of C N would make it a prospective candidate in bio- and medical-related applications.