Residues of Chlorinated Phenols and Phenoxy Acid Herbicides in the Urine of Arkansas Children

Overview

Journal Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

Specialty Environmental Health

Date 1989 Jul 1

PMID 2774664

Citations 16

Authors

R H Hill Jr

T To

J S Holler

D M Fast

S J Smith

L L Needham

S Binder

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Urine samples from 197 Arkansas children were analyzed for eight chlorinated phenols and four chlorinated phenoxy herbicides by using a new procedure that combined gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. With the detection limit of 1 part per billion (ppb), six of these pesticides were detected in more than 10% of the samples. 2,5-Dichlorophenol (a metabolite of p-dichlorobenzene), and pentachlorophenol were detected in 96% and 100%, respectively, of the children's urine at median concentrations of 9 ppb and 14 ppb, respectively. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol was detected in 54% of the children's urine at a median concentration of 1 ppb. One trichlorophenol and three other dichlorophenols were found in 3% to 27% of the samples. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was observed in 20% of all samples. The concentrations of all analytes are reported as background or reference levels for use in future studies. The finding of 2,5-dichlorophenol as a ubiquitous contaminant merits further study.

Citing Articles

Association of urinary concentrations of four chlorophenol pesticides with cardiometabolic risk factors and obesity in children and adolescents.

Parastar S, Ebrahimpour K, Hashemi M, Maracy M, Ebrahimi A, Poursafa P Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017; 25(5):4516-4523.

PMID: 29188597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0771-y.

Factors Influencing Dislodgeable 2, 4-D Plant Residues from Hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. x C. transvaalensis) Athletic Fields.

Jeffries M, Gannon T, Brosnan J, Ahmed K, Breeden G PLoS One. 2016; 11(2):e0148992.

PMID: 26863005 PMC: 4749244. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148992.

Short-term variability and predictors of urinary pentachlorophenol levels in Ohio preschool children.

Morgan M, Jones P, Sobus J Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015; 12(1):800-15.

PMID: 25594782 PMC: 4306893. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100800.

Case files of the New York City poison control center: paradichlorobenzene-induced leukoencephalopathy.

Hernandez S, Wiener S, Smith S J Med Toxicol. 2010; 6(2):217-29.

PMID: 20373064 PMC: 3550295. DOI: 10.1007/s13181-010-0053-2.

Effects of occupational exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene on hematologic, kidney, and liver functions.

Hsiao P, Lin Y, Shih T, Chiung Y Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2009; 82(9):1077-85.

PMID: 19247685 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-009-0398-5.

References

Dowty B, CARLISLE D, Laseter J, STORER J . Halogenated hydrocarbons in New Orleans drinking water and blood plasma. Science. 1975; 187(4171):75-7. DOI: 10.1126/science.1109227. View

Lores E, Edgerton T, Moseman R . Method for the confirmation of chlorophenols in human urine by LC with an electrochemical detector. J Chromatogr Sci. 1981; 19(9):466-9. DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/19.9.466. View

Needham L, CLINE R, Head S, Liddle J . Determining pentachlorophenol in body fluids by gas chromatography after acetylation. J Anal Toxicol. 1981; 5(6):283-6. DOI: 10.1093/jat/5.6.283. View

GEHRING P, Kramer C, Schwetz B, Rose J, ROWE V . The fate of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) following oral administration to man. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1970; 26(3):352-61. DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(73)90271-8. View

Edgerton T, Moseman R, Lores E, WRIGHT L . Determination of trace amounts of chlorinated phenols in human urine by gas chromatography. Anal Chem. 1980; 52(11):1774-7. DOI: 10.1021/ac50061a059. View

Chadwick R, Freal J . Comparative acceleration of lindane metabolism to chlorophenols by pretreatment of rats with lindane or with DDT and lindane. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1972; 10(6):789-95. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(72)80005-1. View

Rall D . Carcinogenicity of p-dichlorobenzene. Science. 1987; 236(4804):897-8. View

KOHLI J, Khanna R, Gupta B, DHAR M, Tandon J, Sircar K . Absorption and excretion of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in man. Xenobiotica. 1974; 4(2):97-100. DOI: 10.3109/00498257409049349. View

Klemmer H, Wong L, Sato M, Reichert E, KORSAK R, RASHAD M . Clinical findings in workers exposed to pentachlorophenol. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1980; 9(6):715-25. DOI: 10.1007/BF01055546. View

10.

Kohli J, Jones D, Safe S . The metabolism of higher chlorinated benzene isomers. Can J Biochem. 1976; 54(3):203-8. DOI: 10.1139/o76-032. View

11.

Freal J, Chadwick R . Metabolism of hexachlorocyclohexane to chlorophenols and effect of isomer pretreatment on lindane metabolism in rat. J Agric Food Chem. 1973; 21(3):424-7. DOI: 10.1021/jf60187a009. View

12.

Bevenue A, Wilson J, CASARETT L, Klemmer H . A Survey of pentachlorophenol content in human urine. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2013; 2(6):319-32. DOI: 10.1007/BF01684407. View

13.

WRIGHT L, Edgerton T, Arbes Jr S, Lores E . The determination of underivatized chlorophenols in human urine by combined high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring. Biomed Mass Spectrom. 1981; 8(10):475-9. DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200081002. View

14.

Binder S, Sokal D, Maughan D . Estimating soil ingestion: the use of tracer elements in estimating the amount of soil ingested by young children. Arch Environ Health. 1986; 41(6):341-5. DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1986.9935776. View

15.

HALLOWELL M . Acute haemolytic anaemia following the ingestion of paradichlorobenzene. Arch Dis Child. 1959; 34(173):74-7. PMC: 2012440. DOI: 10.1136/adc.34.173.74. View

16.

. Ortho- and para-Dichlorobenzenes. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum. 1982; 29:213-38. View

17.

Murphy R, Kutz F, Strassman S . Selected pesticide residues or metabolites in blood and urine specimens from a general population survey. Environ Health Perspect. 1983; 48:81-6. PMC: 1569072. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.834881. View

18.

Karapally J, Saha J, Lee Y . Metabolism of lindane-14C in the rabbit: ether-soluble urinary metabolites. J Agric Food Chem. 1973; 21(5):811-8. DOI: 10.1021/jf60189a009. View

19.

PAGNOTTO L, WALKLEY J . Urinary dichlorophenol as an index of para-dichlorobenzene exposure. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1965; 26(2):137-42. DOI: 10.1080/00028896509342713. View