Population-Attributable Risk Percentages for Racialized Risk Environments

Overview

Journal Am J Public Health

Specialty Public Health

Date 2016 Aug 24

PMID 27552263

Citations 11

Authors

Hannah L F Cooper

Kimberly Jacob Arriola

Regine Haardorfer

Colleen M McBride

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Research about relationships between place characteristics and racial/ethnic inequities in health has largely ignored conceptual advances about race and place within the discipline of geography. Research has also almost exclusively quantified these relationships using effect estimates (e.g., odds ratios), statistics that fail to adequately capture the full impact of place characteristics on inequities and thus undermine our ability to translate research into action. We draw on geography to further develop the concept of "racialized risk environments," and we argue for the routine calculation of race/ethnicity-specific population-attributable risk percentages.

Citing Articles

Racialized environments and syringe services program implementation: County-level factors.

Bluthenthal R, Humphrey J, Strack C, Wenger L, LaKosky P, Patel S Drug Alcohol Depend. 2024; 263:112430.

PMID: 39216198 PMC: 11409812. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112430.

A hypothetical intervention to reduce inequities in anxiety for Multiracial people: simulating an intervention on childhood adversity.

Lam-Hine T, Bradshaw P, Allen A, Omi M, Riddell C Am J Epidemiol. 2024; 193(12):1750-1757.

PMID: 38808614 PMC: 11637487. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwae095.

Correlates of Recent HIV Testing Among People Who Inject Drugs in Rural Areas: A Multi-site Cross-Sectional Study, 2018-2020.

Ibragimov U, Livingston M, Young A, Feinberg J, Korthuis P, Akhtar W AIDS Behav. 2023; 28(1):59-71.

PMID: 37515742 PMC: 10823036. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04140-x.

Perceived healthcare discrimination and well-being among older adults in the United States and Brazil.

Dixon A, Adams L, Ma T SSM Popul Health. 2022; 18:101113.

PMID: 35664925 PMC: 9160820. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101113.

Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs and Overdoses: Advancing the Next Generation of Research.

Cooper H Am J Public Health. 2020; 110(10):1450-1451.

PMID: 32903090 PMC: 7483114. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305860.

References

Acevedo-Garcia D, Osypuk T, McArdle N, Williams D . Toward a policy-relevant analysis of geographic and racial/ethnic disparities in child health. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008; 27(2):321-33. DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.321. View

Northridge M . Public health methods--attributable risk as a link between causality and public health action. Am J Public Health. 1995; 85(9):1202-4. PMC: 1615585. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.85.9.1202. View

Russell E, Kramer M, Cooper H, Thompson W, Jacob Arriola K . Residential racial composition, spatial access to care, and breast cancer mortality among women in Georgia. J Urban Health. 2011; 88(6):1117-29. PMC: 3232421. DOI: 10.1007/s11524-011-9612-3. View

Fleischer N, Diez Roux A . Using directed acyclic graphs to guide analyses of neighbourhood health effects: an introduction. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008; 62(9):842-6. DOI: 10.1136/jech.2007.067371. View

Rhodes T, Singer M, Bourgois P, Friedman S, Strathdee S . The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 61(5):1026-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.024. View

LaVeist T, Pollack K, Thorpe Jr R, Fesahazion R, Gaskin D . Place, not race: disparities dissipate in southwest Baltimore when blacks and whites live under similar conditions. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011; 30(10):1880-7. PMC: 6535343. DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0640. View

Keene D, Padilla M . Race, class and the stigma of place: moving to "opportunity" in Eastern Iowa. Health Place. 2010; 16(6):1216-23. PMC: 2964645. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.006. View

Cooper H, Linton S, Kelley M, Ross Z, Wolfe M, Chen Y . Racialized risk environments in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States. Int J Drug Policy. 2015; 27:43-55. PMC: 4715941. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.015. View

Morland K, Wing S, Roux A . The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92(11):1761-7. PMC: 1447325. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.92.11.1761. View

10.

Cooper H, Moore L, Gruskin S, Krieger N . Characterizing perceived police violence: implications for public health. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94(7):1109-18. PMC: 1448406. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.94.7.1109. View

11.

Osypuk T, Acevedo-Garcia D . Beyond individual neighborhoods: a geography of opportunity perspective for understanding racial/ethnic health disparities. Health Place. 2010; 16(6):1113-23. PMC: 2952656. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.07.002. View

12.

Cooper H, Bossak B, Tempalski B, Friedman S, Des Jarlais D . Temporal trends in spatial access to pharmacies that sell over-the-counter syringes in New York City health districts: relationship to local racial/ethnic composition and need. J Urban Health. 2009; 86(6):929-45. PMC: 2791821. DOI: 10.1007/s11524-009-9399-7. View

13.

Williams D, Collins C . Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep. 2002; 116(5):404-16. PMC: 1497358. DOI: 10.1093/phr/116.5.404. View