Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase Levels Speak About Association of Smoking, Diabetes and Potentially Malignant Diseases???

Background: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a hydrolase intracellular enzyme participating in the metabolic processes of cells. Rise in salivary ALP (S-ALP) levels reflects inflammation and destruction of healthy tissues suggesting it as a clinical biomarker. S-ALP is used in analyzing the severity of the disease occurrence in smokers and nonsmokers who are diabetic and nondiabetic. S-ALP levels are analyzed using autoanalyzer in 40 patients who visited our department.

Aims And Objectives: To determine the levels of S-ALP in diagnosing potentially malignant conditions and debilitating diseases in early stages of inflammation and altered cellular metabolism.

Materials And Methods: The study groups include: (1) Group A - 10 smokers who are diabetic. (2) Group B - 10 smokers who are nondiabetic. (3) Group C - 10 nonsmokers who are diabetic. (4) Group D - 10 nonsmokers and nondiabetic as control. Unstimulated saliva samples are collected and run in auto-analyzer with ALP enzyme reagent to analyze ALP levels. Comparison is made between all the four groups.

Results: Results were statistically significant with increased activity of ALP levels in saliva from Group A when compared to Group D. The results are Group A > Group B > Group C > Group D. The results also revealed significant raise in levels of ALP levels in saliva from smokers when compared to diabetes. Thus explaining adverse effects of smoking.

Conclusion: S-ALP can be considered to be the biomarker for evaluating adverse effects of smoking, diabetes and other debilitating diseases in early stages.