[The State of the Art of Imaging in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors]

Overview

Journal Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2016 Apr 6

PMID 27045241

Citations 1

Authors

Xiaochen Yao

Feng Wang

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are neoplasms presenting unpredictable and unusual biologic behavior that causes many clinical challenges. NETs can produce a variety of metabolically active substances (hormones and amines) leading to distinct clinical syndromes. This review will discuss the imaging techniques for the diagnosis of GEP-NETs including ultrasonography, CT, MRI and ultrasound endoscope. In this article, Gallium-68 labeled peptide binding to G protein coupled receptor including SSTR, CCKR1 and GLP1R is addressed, and the application of Gallium-68 labeled somatostin analogues and PET-CT for diagnosis of GEP-NETs is evaluated. In conclusion, Gallium-68 labeled peptide and molecular imaging will play important roles in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic strategy development of GEP-NETs.

Citing Articles

Application of molecular probes in nuclear imaging of neuroendocrine tumors.

Yan J, Zhang T, Zhao K Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2021; 50(1):131-137.

PMID: 34117850 PMC: 8675064. DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0031.

References

Bushnell D, Baum R . Standard imaging techniques for neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2011; 40(1):153-62, ix. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.12.002. View

Kann P, Balakina E, Ivan D, Bartsch D, Meyer S, Klose K . Natural course of small, asymptomatic neuroendocrine pancreatic tumours in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: an endoscopic ultrasound imaging study. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006; 13(4):1195-202. DOI: 10.1677/erc.1.01220. View

Ambrosini V, Campana D, Tomassetti P, Grassetto G, Rubello D, Fanti S . PET/CT with 68Gallium-DOTA-peptides in NET: an overview. Eur J Radiol. 2010; 80(2):e116-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.07.022. View

Van Essen M, Sundin A, Krenning E, Kwekkeboom D . Neuroendocrine tumours: the role of imaging for diagnosis and therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013; 10(2):102-14. DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.246. View

Streby K, Shah N, Ranalli M, Kunkler A, Cripe T . Nothing but NET: a review of norepinephrine transporter expression and efficacy of 131I-mIBG therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014; 62(1):5-11. PMC: 4237663. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25200. View

Patel Y . Somatostatin and its receptor family. Front Neuroendocrinol. 1999; 20(3):157-98. DOI: 10.1006/frne.1999.0183. View

Virgolini I, Ambrosini V, Bomanji J, Baum R, Fanti S, Gabriel M . Procedure guidelines for PET/CT tumour imaging with 68Ga-DOTA-conjugated peptides: 68Ga-DOTA-TOC, 68Ga-DOTA-NOC, 68Ga-DOTA-TATE. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37(10):2004-10. DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1512-3. View

Chang K . State of the art lecture: endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and FNA in pancreatico-biliary tumors. Endoscopy. 2006; 38 Suppl 1:S56-60. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-946654. View

Hoeffel C, Job L, Ladam-Marcus V, Vitry F, Cadiot G, Marcus C . Detection of hepatic metastases from carcinoid tumor: prospective evaluation of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Dig Dis Sci. 2008; 54(9):2040-6. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0570-x. View

10.

Froberg A, de Jong M, Nock B, Breeman W, Erion J, Maina T . Comparison of three radiolabelled peptide analogues for CCK-2 receptor scintigraphy in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009; 36(8):1265-72. PMC: 2709231. DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1098-9. View

11.

Cwikla J, Buscombe J, Caplin M, Watkinson A, Walecki J, Gorczyca-Wisniewska E . Diagnostic imaging of carcinoid metastases to the abdomen and pelvis. Med Sci Monit. 2006; 10 Suppl 3:9-16. View

12.

Brom M, Joosten L, Laverman P, Oyen W, Behe M, Gotthardt M . Preclinical evaluation of 68Ga-DOTA-minigastrin for the detection of cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor-positive tumors. Mol Imaging. 2011; 10(2):144-52. PMC: 3123532. View

13.

Brom M, Oyen W, Joosten L, Gotthardt M, Boerman O . 68Ga-labelled exendin-3, a new agent for the detection of insulinomas with PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37(7):1345-55. PMC: 2886138. DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1363-y. View

14.

Zanzonico P . Principles of nuclear medicine imaging: planar, SPECT, PET, multi-modality, and autoradiography systems. Radiat Res. 2012; 177(4):349-64. DOI: 10.1667/rr2577.1. View

15.

Simsek D, Kuyumcu S, Turkmen C, Sanli Y, Aykan F, Unal S . Can complementary 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT establish the missing link between histopathology and therapeutic approach in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?. J Nucl Med. 2014; 55(11):1811-7. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.142224. View

16.

Dorffel Y, Wermke W . Neuroendocrine tumors: characterization with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Ultraschall Med. 2009; 29(5):506-14. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1027555. View

17.

Maxwell J, Howe J . Imaging in neuroendocrine tumors: an update for the clinician. Int J Endocr Oncol. 2015; 2(2):159-168. PMC: 4526141. DOI: 10.2217/ije.14.40. View

18.

Ishikawa T, Itoh A, Kawashima H, Ohno E, Matsubara H, Itoh Y . Usefulness of EUS combined with contrast-enhancement in the differential diagnosis of malignant versus benign and preoperative localization of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010; 71(6):951-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.12.023. View

19.

Sundin A . Radiological and nuclear medicine imaging of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013; 26(6):803-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2012.12.004. View

20.

Wu W, Chen M, Yin S, Yan K, Fan Z, Yang W . The role of contrast-enhanced sonography of focal liver lesions before percutaneous biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006; 187(3):752-61. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.05.0535. View