Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases (Review)

Overview

Journal Mol Med Rep

Specialty Molecular Biology

Date 2016 Mar 4

PMID 26935478

Citations 417

Authors

Wei-Wei Chen

Xia Zhang

Wen-Juan Huang

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Neurodegeneration is a phenomenon that occurs in the central nervous system through the hallmarks associating the loss of neuronal structure and function. Neurodegeneration is observed after viral insult and mostly in various so-called 'neurodegenerative diseases', generally observed in the elderly, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that negatively affect mental and physical functioning. Causative agents of neurodegeneration have yet to be identified. However, recent data have identified the inflammatory process as being closely linked with multiple neurodegenerative pathways, which are associated with depression, a consequence of neurodegenerative disease. Accordingly, pro‑inflammatory cytokines are important in the pathophysiology of depression and dementia. These data suggest that the role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration must be fully elucidated, since pro‑inflammatory agents, which are the causative effects of neuroinflammation, occur widely, particularly in the elderly in whom inflammatory mechanisms are linked to the pathogenesis of functional and mental impairments. In this review, we investigated the role played by the inflammatory process in neurodegenerative diseases.

Citing Articles

The Biflavonoid Agathisflavone Regulates Microglial and Astrocytic Inflammatory Profiles via Glucocorticoid Receptor.

Almeida A, Dos Santos C, Takahashi D, da Silva L, de Sousa V, de Santana M Molecules. 2025; 30(5).

PMID: 40076239 PMC: 11901960. DOI: 10.3390/molecules30051014.

Meningeal Lymphatic and Glymphatic Structures in a Pelagic Delphinid ().

Jackson O, Keenan T, Nelson-Maney N, Rommel S, McLellan W, Pabst D Animals (Basel). 2025; 15(5).

PMID: 40076012 PMC: 11899484. DOI: 10.3390/ani15050729.

Enhancing Galantamine Distribution in Rat Brain Using Microplasma-Assisted Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery.

Sadiq A, Alam M, Begum F, Hasan M, Kristof J, Mamun M Int J Mol Sci. 2025; 26(4).

PMID: 40004175 PMC: 11855811. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26041710.

Inhibition of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway Confers Neuroprotective Effects on Beta-Amyloid-Induced Direct Neurotoxicity and Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation.

Tiong S, Mohgan R, Quek J, Liew J, Wong G, Thang Z Neurol Res Int. 2025; 2025:8948290.

PMID: 39949498 PMC: 11824711. DOI: 10.1155/nri/8948290.

Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease: genetic hallmarks, role of metals and organophosphates.

Kunwar O, Singh S Neurogenetics. 2025; 26(1):21.

PMID: 39820855 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-025-00801-2.

References

Przedborski S, Vila M, Jackson-Lewis V . Neurodegeneration: what is it and where are we?. J Clin Invest. 2003; 111(1):3-10. PMC: 151843. DOI: 10.1172/JCI17522. View

Querfurth H, LaFerla F . Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362(4):329-44. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0909142. View

Lull M, Block M . Microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics. 2010; 7(4):354-65. PMC: 2951017. DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.014. View

Ouchi N, Parker J, Lugus J, Walsh K . Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011; 11(2):85-97. PMC: 3518031. DOI: 10.1038/nri2921. View

Reinacher M, Bonin J, Narayan O, Scholtissek C . Pathogenesis of neurovirulent influenza A virus infection in mice. Route of entry of virus into brain determines infection of different populations of cells. Lab Invest. 1983; 49(6):686-92. View

Kessler R, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas K, Walters E . Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005; 62(6):593-602. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593. View

Martinez F, Gordon S . The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment. F1000Prime Rep. 2014; 6:13. PMC: 3944738. DOI: 10.12703/P6-13. View

Popovich P, Longbrake E . Can the immune system be harnessed to repair the CNS?. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008; 9(6):481-93. DOI: 10.1038/nrn2398. View

Papakostas G, Shelton R, Kinrys G, Henry M, Bakow B, Lipkin S . Assessment of a multi-assay, serum-based biological diagnostic test for major depressive disorder: a pilot and replication study. Mol Psychiatry. 2011; 18(3):332-9. DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.166. View

10.

Capuron L, Su S, Miller A, Douglas Bremner J, Goldberg J, Vogt G . Depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome: is inflammation the underlying link?. Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 64(10):896-900. PMC: 2621309. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.019. View

11.

Shinya K, Shimada A, Ito T, Otsuki K, Morita T, Tanaka H . Avian influenza virus intranasally inoculated infects the central nervous system of mice through the general visceral afferent nerve. Arch Virol. 2000; 145(1):187-95. DOI: 10.1007/s007050050016. View

12.

Ostanin D, Bao J, Koboziev I, Gray L, Robinson-Jackson S, Kosloski-Davidson M . T cell transfer model of chronic colitis: concepts, considerations, and tricks of the trade. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008; 296(2):G135-46. PMC: 2643911. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90462.2008. View

13.

Schiffrin E . Inflammation, immunity and development of essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014; 32(2):228-9. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000042. View

14.

Glass C, Saijo K, Winner B, Marchetto M, Gage F . Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell. 2010; 140(6):918-34. PMC: 2873093. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.016. View

15.

Lu L, Lan Q, Li Z, Zhou X, Gu J, Li Q . Critical role of all-trans retinoic acid in stabilizing human natural regulatory T cells under inflammatory conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014; 111(33):E3432-40. PMC: 4143025. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408780111. View

16.

Goossens G . The role of adipose tissue dysfunction in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance. Physiol Behav. 2007; 94(2):206-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.10.010. View

17.

Di Napoli M, Parry-Jones A, Smith C, Hopkins S, Slevin M, Masotti L . C-reactive protein predicts hematoma growth in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013; 45(1):59-65. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001721. View

18.

McCrimmon R, Ryan C, Frier B . Diabetes and cognitive dysfunction. Lancet. 2012; 379(9833):2291-9. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60360-2. View

19.

Zhou L, Miranda-Saksena M, Saksena N . Viruses and neurodegeneration. Virol J. 2013; 10:172. PMC: 3679988. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-172. View

20.

Fagiolo U, Amadori A, Cozzi E, Bendo R, Lama M, Douglas A . Humoral and cellular immune response to influenza virus vaccination in aged humans. Aging (Milano). 1993; 5(6):451-8. DOI: 10.1007/BF03324202. View