Iodine Source Apportionment in the Malawian Diet

Overview

Journal Sci Rep

Specialty Science

Date 2015 Oct 28

PMID 26503697

Citations 11

Authors

M J Watts

E J M Joy

S D Young

M R Broadley

A D C Chilimba

R S Gibson

E W P Siyame

A A Kalimbira

B Chilima

E L Ander

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterise nutritional-I status in Malawi. Dietary-I intakes were assessed using new datasets of crop, fish, salt and water-I concentrations, while I status was assessed for 60 women living on each of calcareous and non-calcareous soils as defined by urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Iodine concentration in staple foods was low, with median concentrations of 0.01 mg kg(-1) in maize grain, 0.008 mg kg(-1) in roots and tubers, but 0.155 mg kg(-1) in leafy vegetables. Freshwater fish is a good source of dietary-I with a median concentration of 0.51 mg kg(-1). Mean Malawian dietary-Iodine intake from food, excluding salt, was just 7.8 μg d(-1) compared to an adult requirement of 150 μg d(-1). Despite low dietary-I intake from food, median UICs were 203 μg L(-1) with only 12% defined as I deficient whilst 21% exhibited excessive I intake. Iodised salt is likely to be the main source of dietary I intake in Malawi; thus, I nutrition mainly depends on the usage and concentration of I in iodised salt. Drinking water could be a significant source of I in some areas, providing up to 108 μg d(-1) based on consumption of 2 L d(-1).

Citing Articles

Environmental and human iodine and selenium status: lessons from Gilgit-Baltistan, North-East Pakistan.

Ahmad S, Bailey E, Arshad M, Ahmed S, Watts M, Stewart A Environ Geochem Health. 2021; 43(11):4665-4686.

PMID: 33961155 PMC: 8528744. DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00943-w.

Multiple geochemical factors may cause iodine and selenium deficiency in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.

Ahmad S, Bailey E, Arshad M, Ahmed S, Watts M, Young S Environ Geochem Health. 2021; 43(11):4493-4513.

PMID: 33895908 PMC: 8528784. DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00936-9.

Consumption of multiple micronutrients or small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements containing iodine at the recommended dose during pregnancy, compared with iron and folic acid, does not affect women's urinary iodine concentration in rural....

Adu-Afarwuah S, Arnold C, Maleta K, Ashorn P, Ashorn U, Jorgensen J Public Health Nutr. 2020; 24(10):3049-3057.

PMID: 33054890 PMC: 9884741. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980020003250.

Assessing the impact of drinking water iodine concentrations on the iodine intake of Chinese pregnant women living in areas with restricted iodized salt supply.

Gao M, Chen W, Dong S, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Sun H Eur J Nutr. 2020; 60(2):1023-1030.

PMID: 32577887 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02308-y.

Source apportionment of micronutrients in the diets of Kilimanjaro,Tanzania and Counties of Western Kenya.

Watts M, Middleton D, Marriott A, Humphrey O, Hamilton E, Gardner A Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1):14447.

PMID: 31595016 PMC: 6783437. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51075-2.

References

Weng H, Weng J, Yan A, Hong C, Yong W, Qin Y . Increment of iodine content in vegetable plants by applying iodized fertilizer and the residual characteristics of iodine in soil. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008; 123(1-3):218-28. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-008-8094-y. View

Andersson M, Karumbunathan V, Zimmermann M . Global iodine status in 2011 and trends over the past decade. J Nutr. 2012; 142(4):744-50. DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.149393. View

Charlton K, Skeaff S . Iodine fortification: why, when, what, how, and who?. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011; 14(6):618-24. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834b2b30. View

Ren Q, Fan J, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Delong G . An environmental approach to correcting iodine deficiency: supplementing iodine in soil by iodination of irrigation water in remote areas. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2008; 22(1):1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.09.003. View

Obican S, Jahnke G, Soldin O, Scialli A . Teratology public affairs committee position paper: iodine deficiency in pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2012; 94(9):677-82. PMC: 3637994. DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23051. View

Caldwell K, Makhmudov A, Ely E, Jones R, Wang R . Iodine status of the U.S. population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2006 and 2007–2008. Thyroid. 2011; 21(4):419-27. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0077. View

Burgi H . Iodine excess. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 24(1):107-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.010. View

Assey V, Peterson S, Kimboka S, Ngemera D, Mgoba C, Ruhiye D . Tanzania national survey on iodine deficiency: impact after twelve years of salt iodation. BMC Public Health. 2009; 9:319. PMC: 2749826. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-319. View

Jooste P, Strydom E . Methods for determination of iodine in urine and salt. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 24(1):77-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.006. View

10.

Jiang X, Cao X, Jiang J, Tai M, James D, Rakeman M . Dynamics of environmental supplementation of iodine: four years' experience of iodination of irrigation water in Hotien, Xinjiang, China. Arch Environ Health. 1998; 52(6):399-408. DOI: 10.1080/00039899709602218. View

11.

Pearce E, Andersson M, Zimmermann M . Global iodine nutrition: Where do we stand in 2013?. Thyroid. 2013; 23(5):523-8. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0128. View

12.

Watts M, Mitchell C . A pilot study on iodine in soils of Greater Kabul and Nangarhar provinces of Afghanistan. Environ Geochem Health. 2008; 31(4):503-9. DOI: 10.1007/s10653-008-9202-9. View

13.

Nermell B, Lindberg A, Rahman M, Berglund M, Persson L, El Arifeen S . Urinary arsenic concentration adjustment factors and malnutrition. Environ Res. 2007; 106(2):212-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.08.005. View

14.

OReilly J, Watts M, Shaw R, Marcilla A, Ward N . Arsenic contamination of natural waters in San Juan and La Pampa, Argentina. Environ Geochem Health. 2010; 32(6):491-515. DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9317-7. View

15.

Shimamoto Y, Takahashi Y, Terada Y . Formation of organic iodine supplied as iodide in a soil-water system in Chiba, Japan. Environ Sci Technol. 2011; 45(6):2086-92. DOI: 10.1021/es1032162. View

16.

Amachi S . Microbial contribution to global iodine cycling: volatilization, accumulation, reduction, oxidation, and sorption of iodine. Microbes Environ. 2011; 23(4):269-76. DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me08548. View

17.

Wessells K, Singh G, Brown K . Estimating the global prevalence of inadequate zinc intake from national food balance sheets: effects of methodological assumptions. PLoS One. 2012; 7(11):e50565. PMC: 3510064. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050565. View

18.

Siyame E, Hurst R, Wawer A, Young S, Broadley M, Chilimba A . A high prevalence of zinc- but not iron-deficiency among women in rural Malawi: a cross-sectional study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2014; 83(3):176-87. DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000158. View

19.

Sebotsa M, Dannhauser A, Jooste P, Joubert G . Iodine status as determined by urinary iodine excretion in Lesotho two years after introducing legislation on universal salt iodization. Nutrition. 2005; 21(1):20-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.09.005. View

20.

Zimmermann M, Andersson M . Assessment of iodine nutrition in populations: past, present, and future. Nutr Rev. 2012; 70(10):553-70. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00528.x. View