THE POWER OF THE SMALL: THE EXAMPLE OF Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis CONIDIA

Overview

Journal Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo

Specialty Tropical Medicine

Date 2015 Oct 15

PMID 26465363

Citations 7

Authors

Angela Restrepo

Luz Elena Cano

Angel Gonzalez

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Research on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis has centered in the yeast cell probably because of the lack of distinctive features in the mycelium. In 1942 and for the first time, lateral conidia were noticed in the fungus' hyphae. Later on, Brazilian, Venezuelan and Argentinean researchers described "aleurias" when the fungus was grown in natural substrates. In 1970 authors became interested in the conidia and were able to obtain them in large numbers and treat them as individual units. Their shape and size were defined and the presence of all the elements of a competent eukaryotic cell were demonstrated. Conidia exhibited thermal dimorphism and, additionally, when given intranasally to BALB/c male mice, they converted into yeasts in the lungs and produce progressive pulmonary lesions with further dissemination to other organs. Studies on the phagocyte-conidia interaction were revealing and showed that these versatile structures allow a better understanding of the host- P. brasiliensis interactions.

Citing Articles

spp.: the structural characterization of extracellular matrix, expression of glucan synthesis and associated genes and adhesins during biofilm formation.

Oliveira L, Marcos C, Cabral A, Medina-Alarcon K, Pires R, Fusco-Almeida A Front Microbiol. 2024; 15:1354140.

PMID: 38516014 PMC: 10955377. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1354140.

Mycological diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis in a hospital from a nonendemic area: classical and molecular methods.

Fernandez N, Toranzo A, Farias L, Canteros C Biomedica. 2023; 43(Sp. 1):132-143.

PMID: 37721907 PMC: 10569774. DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6888.

Epidemiology of paracoccidioidomycosis in Venezuela: a retrospective study from 1954 to 2019.

Alvarado P, Teixeira M, Cavallera E, Paes H, Guerra G, Santander G Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2021; 116:e210203.

PMID: 34755819 PMC: 8577064. DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210203.

An update on the occurrence of Paracoccidioides species in the Midwest region, Brazil: Molecular epidemiology, clinical aspects and serological profile of patients from Mato Grosso do Sul State.

Mattos K, Cocio T, Chaves E, Borges C, Venturini J, de Carvalho L PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021; 15(4):e0009317.

PMID: 33826630 PMC: 8055028. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009317.

The Trojan Horse Model in : A Fantastic Pathway to Survive Infecting Human Cells.

Giusiano G Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021; 10:605679.

PMID: 33680980 PMC: 7928272. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.605679.

References

Calich V, Siqueira A, Burger E . Susceptibility and resistance of inbred mice to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Br J Exp Pathol. 1985; 66(5):585-94. PMC: 2042050. View

Salazar M, Restrepo A, Stevens D . Inhibition by estrogens of conidium-to-yeast conversion in the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Infect Immun. 1988; 56(3):711-3. PMC: 259352. DOI: 10.1128/iai.56.3.711-713.1988. View

Restrepo B, McEwen J, Salazar M, Restrepo A . Morphological development of the conidia produced by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis mycelial form. J Med Vet Mycol. 1986; 24(4):337-9. View

Franco L, Najvar L, Gomez B, Restrepo S, Graybill J, Restrepo A . Experimental pulmonary fibrosis induced by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia: measurement of local host responses. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998; 58(4):424-30. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1998.58.424. View

Lopera D, Naranjo T, Cruz O, Restrepo A, Cano L, Lenzi H . Structural and topographic dynamics of pulmonary histopathology and local cytokine profiles in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia-infected mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011; 5(7):e1232. PMC: 3134433. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001232. View

Gonzalez A, Restrepo A, Cano L . Role of iron in the nitric oxide-mediated fungicidal mechanism of IFN-gamma-activated murine macrophages against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2007; 49(1):11-6. DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000100003. View

Lopera D, Aristizabal B, Restrepo A, Cano L, Gonzalez A . Lysozyme plays a dual role against the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2008; 50(3):169-75. DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652008000300008. View

Naranjo T, Lopera D, Diaz-Granados L, Duque J, Restrepo A, Cano L . Histopathologic and immunologic effects of the itraconazole treatment in a murine model of chronic pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. Microbes Infect. 2010; 12(14-15):1153-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.07.013. View

Gonzalez A, de Gregori W, Velez D, Restrepo A, Cano L . Nitric oxide participation in the fungicidal mechanism of gamma interferon-activated murine macrophages against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia. Infect Immun. 2000; 68(5):2546-52. PMC: 97457. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.68.5.2546-2552.2000. View

10.

Mejia S, Cano L, Lopez J, Hernandez O, Gonzalez A . Human neutrophils produce extracellular traps against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Microbiology (Reading). 2015; 161(Pt 5):1008-1017. DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000059. View

11.

Bogliolo L, Neves J . Researches on the etiological agents of the American Blastomycosis. II. Morphology and systematic of the agent of Posadas-Wernicke's disease; so-called Coccidioidomycosis. Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1952; 6(3):137-60. DOI: 10.1007/BF02081431. View

12.

Lopera D, Naranjo T, Hidalgo J, Pascarelli B, Patino J, Lenzi H . Pulmonary abnormalities in mice with paracoccidioidomycosis: a sequential study comparing high resolution computed tomography and pathologic findings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010; 4(6):e726. PMC: 2894136. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000726. View

13.

Gonzalez A, Aristizabal B, Gomez E, Restrepo A, Cano L . Short report: Inhibition by tumor necrosis factor-alpha-activated macrophages of the transition of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia to yeast cells through a mechanism independent of nitric oxide. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005; 71(6):828-30. View

14.

Hernandez O, Almeida A, Tamayo D, Torres I, Garcia A, Lopez A . The hydrolase PbHAD32 participates in the adherence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia to epithelial lung cells. Med Mycol. 2011; 50(5):533-7. DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2011.619583. View

15.

Gonzalez A, Gomez B, Diez S, Hernandez O, Restrepo A, Hamilton A . Purification and partial characterization of a Paracoccidioides brasiliensis protein with capacity to bind to extracellular matrix proteins. Infect Immun. 2005; 73(4):2486-95. PMC: 1087412. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.73.4.2486-2495.2005. View

16.

Cano L, Arango R, Salazar M, Brummer E, Stevens D, Restrepo A . Killing of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia by pulmonary macrophages and the effect of cytokines. J Med Vet Mycol. 1992; 30(2):161-8. View

17.

Gonzalez A, Restrepo A, Cano L . Pulmonary immune responses induced in BALB/c mice by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia. Mycopathologia. 2008; 165(4-5):313-30. DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9072-1. View

18.

Caro E, Gonzalez A, Munoz C, Uran M, Restrepo A, Hamilton A . Recognition of laminin by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia: a possible mechanism of adherence to human type II alveolar cells. Med Mycol. 2008; 46(8):795-804. DOI: 10.1080/13693780802073108. View

19.

Edwards M, Salazar M, Samsonoff W, Cano L, Ostrander G, Restrepo A . Electron microscopic study of conidia produced by the mycelium of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Mycopathologia. 1991; 114(3):169-77. DOI: 10.1007/BF00437210. View

20.

Restrepo A, Salazar M, Cano L, Patino M . A technique to collect and dislodge conidia produced by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis mycelial form. J Med Vet Mycol. 1986; 24(3):247-50. View